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Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790-1825 Economic Growth During the colonial era workers were in short supply. Americans created tools that made work easier and more efficient. EX: Axe, hand tools In the mid-1700s things began to change. The change began in Great Britain with machinery to perform work such as cloth making. These new machines ran on waterpower. One of these machines was called the POWER WATER LOOM People began to leave their homes and farms to work in towns and earn a wage. This was known as the Industrial Revolution. It began in the U.S. around 1800, first appearing in New England (Mass., R.I., Conn., Vermont and N.H.) due to the soil conditions, rivers, ports, iron and coal. And cotton from the Southern states. – Remember: What type of soil did New England have? The economic system of the United States is called capitalism. Under capitalism individuals put their own money, or capital into a business in hopes of making a profit. Free Enterprise- people are free to buy sell and produce what ever they want. Also, they can work where they want. Major Factors that helped New England develop into the Industrial Age 1. workers-Immigrates from Europe 2. water power-N.E. had lots of rivers and streams 3. location-natural resources and seaports 4. capital- money for investment 5. development of technology THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Samuel Slater- Also know as the Father of the American factory system. Brought British textile technology to America. Designed the first textile mill in America. INVENTIONS of the day and age (start foldable) 1.spinning jenny-1764 James Hargreaves 2.power loom-1785 (Edmund Cartwright) and water frame-1768 Richard Arkwright 3.cotton gin-1793 Eli Whitney 4.steam engine-1698 Thomas Savery. The first practical steam engine-James Watt. Richard Trevithick first high pressure steam engine. New Technology The cotton gin efficiently removed the seeds from the cotton fiber. – 1 cotton gin=50 people Patents gave inventors legal rights to their invention. 1790 U.S. patent law protects rights of inventors Edmund Cartwright and the power loom Richard Arkwright and the water frame The Spinning Jenny Thomas Savery/steam engine Eli Whitney Cotton Gin/interchangeable parts- Eli Whitney Cotton Gin / Slavery The development of the cotton gin caused an increase of slave labor in the south. Why?- the cotton gin reduced the number slaves needed to clean the cotton, there fore more slaves could be used to plant and harvest more cotton for more profit to the plantation owners THIS WILL BE A STAAR QUESTION IN MAY. New England Factories The British tried to keep their industrial factory a secret, but there were a few workers that were able to sneak their secrets to the U.S. – Samuel Slater-memorized the design of machines use to spin cotton threads. He then came to the U.S. and took over management of a cotton mill. In 1814 Frances Cabot Lowell opened a textile mill in Massachusetts. All the stages of cloth were under one roof. This was called the FACTORY SYSTEMbringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency. This was a significant development in the way goods were made. Eli Whitney started the use of interchangeable parts. This meant that parts could quickly be changed when a factory machine broke down. Interchangeable parts helped to create products that were cheaper because products could be mass produced. Agriculture Expands In the 1820s more than 65% of Americans were farmers. In the South cotton production increased dramatically. Why? The cotton gin encouraged cotton farmers to produce more cotton. Slaves were used for all stages of cotton production. Economic Independence Low taxes, few government regulations and competition encouraged people to invest in new industries. Large businesses or corporations began to develop rapidly. They sold stock, or shares in a company. The Second Bank of the United States was created to make loans for businesses. Cities Come of Age The growth of the factory industry created growth of towns and cities. Buildings in these cities were made of wood or brick. Diseases were a big problem due to the fact that there was no sewer system Fire was also a big threat. Advantages: steady pay, museums, and libraries. Video: Industrial Revolution Section 2 Westward Bound! The first U.S. census revealed a population of nearly 4 million people. Most Americans lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast. Soon the numbers of settlers increased by leaps and bounds. 1820: The U.S. population had more than doubled. 2 million people lived west of the Appalachians. Roads and Turnpikes There was a lack of good roads to travel by. Turnpikes or toll roads were created for travel. Roads had a base of crushed rock, or logs laid side by side. These were called corduroy roads because they resembled the material by that same name. When Ohio joined the union in 1803 the new state asked for a road to connect it to the east. Congress approved funds for a national road and 5 years later finally agreed on a route. Building the National Road The National Road VIDEO River Travel Advantages – More comfortable, pioneers could take more if they were heading downstream Disadvantages – Could mainly travel north/south, traveling against the current was difficult. The Clermont Created by Robert Fulton Made a 150 mile trip from New York city to Albany, NY in 32 hours, a time unheard of. Using sails this trip usually took 4 days. Shipping goods became cheaper and faster. Steamboats brought a new age in river travel. STAAR QUESTION BE SURE YOU KNOW. Canals Steamboats depended on existing river systems, so artificial river systems or canals were created. The first was the Erie Canal. It was 363 miles long and was built mainly by Irish immigrants. It took more than 2 years to build. It’s success lead to other canals. Improves transportation and lowers shipping cost. Video: Erie Canal Go to desk top for video An Expanding America Americans continued to move westward as families. Between 1791-1803 Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio were added, Between 1816-1821 Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama and Missouri were added. Pioneering families tended to settle along rivers so that they could ship their crops to markets. With canals they could live further from rivers. Settlers tended to settle with others from their home community. Western families also gathered for social events like corn husking, wrestling, quilting and sewing parties. Life was often difficult and there were no conveniences like in Eastern towns. Westward expansion continued… Pioneers go West; video Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism The Era of Good Feelings After the War of 1812 political differences seemed to fade away and the nation was united. This time period was called “The Era of Good Feelings” by one Boston newspaper. During this era, James Monroe was president. James Monroe’s Presidency Monroe contributed to The Era of Good Feelings by touring the country. He paid for his own travel expenses and went as far south as Savanna. He had won the election of 1816 by an overwhelming margin. The Federalist party almost had disappeared from politics altogether. Sectionalism The Era of Good Feelings did not last long. Regional differences soon caused it to end. Sectionalism, or loyalty to your region became widespread. Slavery was a hot topic. Southerners supported it and Northerners did not. Southerners felt it was a state’s right to chose wither or not to allow slaves. Conflict over slavery Southern states vs. Northern states 1. economics- Plantation system against Industry of the North 2. State rights- over slavery 3. tariffs- mainly protective tariffs of 1816 4. National Banks John C. Calhoun-leader of sectionalism movement A War Hawk Planter from South Carolina Supporter of State Sovereignty-states have autonomous power. Opposed high tariffs. Daniel Webster-opposed Calhoun and supported the Missouri Compromise Favored the Tariff of 1816- protected American industries from foreign competition. Also supported and policy that would help the North. Up held the U.S. Constitution and what it stands for. Henry Clay-American System Kentucky Also a War Hawk Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1811. In support of interest in Western areas. Tried to resolve sectional disputes through compromise. The Missouri Compromise The balance of power in Congress between slave and free states was about to be one sided with Missouri coming into the union. The South wanted Missouri admitted to the U.S. as a slave state. Henry Clay worked out a compromise that included Missouri in the Union, but also admitted Maine as a free state. The agreement also banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30N parallel. STAAR QUESTION MUST KNOW. The American System Henry Clay- developed a program to benefit the whole nation. 1.protective tariffs 2.internal improvements to stimulate trade 3.National Bank- control inflation and lend money to developing industries McCulloch v. Maryland The Supreme Court was becoming very involved in state’s rights at this time. Maryland had imposed a tax on the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of The United States-a federal institution. The bank would not pay. The court ruled in favor of the bank. Gibbons v. Ogden Established the states could not enact legislation that would interfere with interstate commerce. Ruling strengthened the national government. Foreign Affairs Britain – President Monroe and John Quincy Adams moves to improve Americas issues with Britain. – 1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty limited the number of naval vessels the each country could have on the Great Lakes. It also provided for the disbarments along the border of the U.S. and Canadian border. – Convention of 1818-set the boundary between the U.S. and Canada at the 49 parallel. – America gained the rights to settle in Oregon Country Spain General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish east Florida and took two forts. He had been ordered to stop Seminole raids in the area. Spain was outraged and cried for Jackson to be court-martialed. Adams-Onis Treaty Spain gave up Florida to the U.S. In return the U.S. gave up claims to Spanish Texas and paid Texas $5 million that Spain owed to the state. A border was also decided on between U.S. and Spanish territory at the Sabine River. The Monroe Doctrine A statement issued by James Monroe stating that the United States would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas. It also states the it would not recognize any new ones in North or South America. Important in American foreign policy for more than 75 years. STAAR QUESTION BETTER KNOW. THE END OF CHAPTER 10