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Chapter 10
Growth and Expansion
1790-1825
Economic Growth
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During the colonial era workers were in
short supply. Americans created tools that
made work easier and more efficient.
EX: Axe, hand tools
In the mid-1700s things began to change.
The change began in Great Britain with
machinery to perform work such as cloth
making. These new machines ran on
waterpower.
One of these machines was called the
POWER WATER LOOM
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People began to leave their homes and
farms to work in towns and earn a wage.
This was known as the Industrial
Revolution.
It began in the U.S. around 1800, first
appearing in New England (Mass., R.I.,
Conn., Vermont and N.H.) due to the soil
conditions, rivers, ports, iron and coal. And
cotton from the Southern states.
– Remember: What type of soil did New England
have?
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The economic system of the United
States is called capitalism. Under
capitalism individuals put their own
money, or capital into a business in
hopes of making a profit.
Free Enterprise- people are free to buy
sell and produce what ever they want.
Also, they can work where they want.
Major Factors that helped
New England develop into
the Industrial Age
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1. workers-Immigrates from Europe
2. water power-N.E. had lots of rivers
and streams
3. location-natural resources and
seaports
4. capital- money for investment
5. development of technology
THE FATHER OF THE
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
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Samuel Slater- Also know as the
Father of the American factory system.
Brought British textile technology to
America.
Designed the first textile mill in
America.
INVENTIONS of the day
and age (start foldable)
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1.spinning jenny-1764 James Hargreaves
2.power loom-1785 (Edmund Cartwright)
and water frame-1768 Richard Arkwright
3.cotton gin-1793 Eli Whitney
4.steam engine-1698 Thomas Savery. The
first practical steam engine-James Watt.
Richard Trevithick first high pressure steam
engine.
New Technology
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The cotton gin
efficiently removed the
seeds from the cotton
fiber.
– 1 cotton gin=50 people
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Patents gave inventors
legal rights to their
invention.
1790 U.S. patent law
protects rights of
inventors
Edmund Cartwright
and the power loom
Richard Arkwright and the
water frame
The Spinning Jenny
Thomas Savery/steam
engine
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin/interchangeable
parts- Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin / Slavery
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The development of the cotton gin caused
an increase of slave labor in the south.
Why?- the cotton gin reduced the number
slaves needed to clean the cotton, there
fore more slaves could be used to plant and
harvest more cotton for more profit to the
plantation owners
THIS WILL BE A STAAR QUESTION IN MAY.
New England Factories
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The British tried to keep their
industrial factory a secret, but there
were a few workers that were able to
sneak their secrets to the U.S.
– Samuel Slater-memorized the design of
machines use to spin cotton threads. He
then came to the U.S. and took over
management of a cotton mill.
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In 1814 Frances Cabot Lowell opened
a textile mill in Massachusetts.
All the stages of cloth were under one
roof.
This was called the FACTORY SYSTEMbringing manufacturing steps together
in one place to increase efficiency.
This was a significant development in
the way goods were made.
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Eli Whitney started the use of
interchangeable parts.
This meant that parts could quickly be
changed when a factory machine
broke down.
Interchangeable parts helped to create
products that were cheaper because
products could be mass produced.
Agriculture Expands
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In the 1820s more than 65% of
Americans were farmers.
In the South cotton production
increased dramatically. Why?
The cotton gin encouraged cotton
farmers to produce more cotton.
Slaves were used for all stages of
cotton production.
Economic Independence
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Low taxes, few government regulations and
competition encouraged people to invest in
new industries.
Large businesses or corporations began to
develop rapidly. They sold stock, or shares
in a company.
The Second Bank of the United States was
created to make loans for businesses.
Cities Come of Age
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The growth of the factory industry created
growth of towns and cities.
Buildings in these cities were made of wood
or brick.
Diseases were a big problem due to the fact
that there was no sewer system
Fire was also a big threat.
Advantages: steady pay, museums, and
libraries.
Video: Industrial
Revolution
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Section 2
Westward Bound!
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The first U.S. census revealed a
population of nearly 4 million people.
Most Americans lived east of the
Appalachian Mountains and a few
hundred miles of the Atlantic coast.
Soon the numbers of settlers
increased by leaps and bounds.
1820: The U.S. population had more
than doubled. 2 million people lived
west of the Appalachians.
Roads and Turnpikes
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There was a lack of
good roads to travel
by.
Turnpikes or toll roads
were created for travel.
Roads had a base of
crushed rock, or logs
laid side by side.
These were called
corduroy roads
because they
resembled the material
by that same name.
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When Ohio joined
the union in 1803
the new state asked
for a road to
connect it to the
east.
Congress approved
funds for a national
road and 5 years
later finally agreed
on a route.
Building the National
Road
The National Road
VIDEO
River Travel
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Advantages
– More comfortable,
pioneers could take
more if they were
heading
downstream
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Disadvantages
– Could mainly travel
north/south,
traveling against the
current was difficult.
The Clermont
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Created by Robert Fulton
Made a 150 mile trip from New York city to
Albany, NY in 32 hours, a time unheard of.
Using sails this trip usually took 4 days.
Shipping goods became cheaper and
faster.
Steamboats brought a new age in river
travel.
STAAR QUESTION BE SURE YOU KNOW.
Canals
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Steamboats depended on existing river
systems, so artificial river systems or canals
were created.
The first was the Erie Canal.
It was 363 miles long and was built mainly
by Irish immigrants.
It took more than 2 years to build.
It’s success lead to other canals.
Improves transportation and lowers
shipping cost.
Video: Erie Canal
Go to desk top for video
An Expanding America
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Americans continued to move westward as
families.
Between 1791-1803 Vermont, Kentucky,
Tennessee and Ohio were added,
Between 1816-1821 Indiana, Illinois,
Mississippi, Alabama and Missouri were
added.
Pioneering families tended to settle along
rivers so that they could ship their crops to
markets. With canals they could live further
from rivers.
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Settlers tended to settle with others
from their home community.
Western families also gathered for
social events like corn husking,
wrestling, quilting and sewing parties.
Life was often difficult and there were
no conveniences like in Eastern towns.
Westward expansion continued…
Pioneers go West; video
Section 3
Unity and Sectionalism
The Era of Good Feelings
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After the War of 1812 political
differences seemed to fade away and
the nation was united. This time
period was called “The Era of Good
Feelings” by one Boston newspaper.
During this era, James Monroe was
president.
James Monroe’s Presidency
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Monroe contributed to The Era of
Good Feelings by touring the country.
He paid for his own travel expenses
and went as far south as Savanna.
He had won the election of 1816 by an
overwhelming margin. The Federalist
party almost had disappeared from
politics altogether.
Sectionalism
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The Era of Good Feelings did not last long.
Regional differences soon caused it to end.
Sectionalism, or loyalty to your region
became widespread.
Slavery was a hot topic. Southerners
supported it and Northerners did not.
Southerners felt it was a state’s right to
chose wither or not to allow slaves.
Conflict over slavery
Southern states vs.
Northern states
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1. economics- Plantation system
against Industry of the North
2. State rights- over slavery
3. tariffs- mainly protective tariffs of
1816
4. National Banks
John C. Calhoun-leader of
sectionalism movement
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A War Hawk
Planter from South Carolina
Supporter of State Sovereignty-states
have autonomous power.
Opposed high tariffs.
Daniel Webster-opposed
Calhoun and supported the
Missouri Compromise
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Favored the Tariff of 1816- protected
American industries from foreign
competition.
Also supported and policy that would
help the North.
Up held the U.S. Constitution and
what it stands for.
Henry Clay-American
System
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Kentucky
Also a War Hawk
Speaker of the House of
Representatives in 1811.
In support of interest in Western
areas.
Tried to resolve sectional disputes
through compromise.
The Missouri Compromise
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The balance of power in Congress between slave
and free states was about to be one sided with
Missouri coming into the union.
The South wanted Missouri admitted to the U.S. as
a slave state.
Henry Clay worked out a compromise that included
Missouri in the Union, but also admitted Maine as a
free state.
The agreement also banned slavery in the rest of
the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30N parallel.
STAAR QUESTION MUST KNOW.
The American System
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Henry Clay- developed a program to
benefit the whole nation.
1.protective tariffs
2.internal improvements to stimulate
trade
3.National Bank- control inflation and
lend money to developing industries
McCulloch v. Maryland
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The Supreme Court was becoming
very involved in state’s rights at this
time.
Maryland had imposed a tax on the
Baltimore branch of the Second Bank
of The United States-a federal
institution. The bank would not pay.
The court ruled in favor of the bank.
Gibbons v. Ogden
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Established the states could not enact
legislation that would interfere with
interstate commerce.
Ruling strengthened the national
government.
Foreign Affairs
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Britain
– President Monroe and John Quincy
Adams moves to improve Americas issues
with Britain.
– 1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty limited the
number of naval vessels the each country
could have on the Great Lakes. It also
provided for the disbarments along the
border of the U.S. and Canadian border.
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– Convention of 1818-set the boundary
between the U.S. and Canada at the 49
parallel.
– America gained the rights to settle in
Oregon Country
Spain
General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish
east Florida and took two forts. He had
been ordered to stop Seminole raids in the
area.
Spain was outraged and cried for Jackson to
be court-martialed.
Adams-Onis Treaty
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Spain gave up Florida to the U.S.
In return the U.S. gave up claims to
Spanish Texas and paid Texas $5
million that Spain owed to the state.
A border was also decided on between
U.S. and Spanish territory at the
Sabine River.
The Monroe Doctrine
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A statement issued by James Monroe
stating that the United States would not
interfere with any existing European
colonies in the Americas.
It also states the it would not recognize any
new ones in North or South America.
Important in American foreign policy for
more than 75 years.
STAAR QUESTION BETTER KNOW.
THE END OF CHAPTER 10