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Six Trait Model for Understanding World Religions HINDUISM Religious Experience: - Gods and goddesses that symbolize an abstract being or Brahman. - The cycle of karma -reincarnation and liberation. - Belief of one god to thousands - trinity (Brahman, Vishnu and Shiva) - Vaishnavites (Vishnu), Shaivites (Shiva) - Reformers-Buddha. - Path to salvation – varies by personality. Sacred Stories: -most central, oldest text = Vedas and Upanishads – many gods are broken down to one (Brahman) -many sacred stories (Ramayana, Baghavad-Gita) about Hindu patheon - Smiriti – purpose to explore dharma. - Shruti – includes original text i.e. the Vedas (directly the words of God). Symbols and Rituals: Community of Faith: - Ohm -Swastika - Puja -festivals are varied and depend on geography and sect -sacred thread ceremony - main sects based on devotion to a particular god - Swami - Part of a larger community. - Women are equal with different roles -Home worship often practiced -Temple worship not necessary Teaching and Doctrine: Ethics: - Tolerance, does not proselytize or convert others - Karma - Dharma (responsibility and place in life) - Moksha/liberation (complete release of never ending rebirth)- Union of Atman and Brahman, union of soul with God - Samsara - Karma (the sum of all actions in a lifetime, good or bad) - Reincarnation ( soul lives on after and is reborn.) - Non-violence (sacredness of life, ahimsa). -animal rights, vegetarianism -importance of family, adherence to particular role/stage of life Six Trait Model for Understanding World Religions BUDDHISM Religious Experience: - Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) – founder – Buddha was a Hindu reformer - Their main focus is moderation. They don’t worship a god. - Samsara – the endless cycle of uncontrolled births - Buddha means “The Awakened One” - More concerned with morality Symbols and Rituals: - Buddha images: focus of devotion - Mudras – symbolize different states of the mind - Stupa – built to house the relics of the Buddha - Lotus Flower – symbolizes all people have the ability to develop their potential and rise from the undesirable life - They celebrate the Buddha, Dharma + Sangha (3 refuges) Teaching and Doctrine: - 5 precepts: o Abstain from wrong speech o “ from improper sexual conducts o “ from killing o “ from stealing o “ from drinking alcohol - the ultimate goal is to reach enlightenment (Nirvana) and end human suffering Sacred Stories: - The Jatakas are one of the most often translated elements of the Sutta-Pitaka. It is a collection of the 347 birth stories about previous lives of the Buddha. The purpose is to illustrate morality. - Dhammapada + Tripitaka – words of Buddha Community of Faith: - Theravada + Mahayana are the main sects of Buddhism - Monks are the leaders of Buddhism. Lay people, nuns, and Buddhists are the believers/followers - House of worship is Temple Ethics: - Compassion and non violence(ahimsa) - 4 noble truths: o Noble truth of suffering o “ “ of origin of suffering (i.e. attachment/desire) o “ “ of the extinction of suffering o “ “ of the path leading to the extinction of suffering - The eightfold path – Buddhists need to follow each step of the path to reach the end of suffering. Six Trait Model for Understanding World Religions JUDAISM Religious Experience: - Monotheistic: belief in one God - Israel: established in 1949 and known as the promised land (Jerusalem = site of original Temple, Western Wall) - Abraham- first patriarch and established the basic covenant with God - Moses: seen as the founder and freed the Jews from slavery - Diaspora: 70 A.D., destruction of the Temple Symbols and Rituals: - Star of David: mark of Jewish nationality and pride - Kippah/Yarmulke: Jewish men wear head covering during worship or study - Menorah - Yom Kippur: day of atonement - Passover/Pesach: symbolizes the freeing of Hebrews from slavery - Bar/Bat Mitzvah: coming of age (son/daughter of the commandments) - Mikvah: ritual bath - Circumcision - Rosh Hashanah: New Year Teaching and Doctrine: - The Shema: “Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is one” - The Chosen People of God: god chose the decedents of Abraham to be God’s people - Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you’ll have them do unto you” Sacred Stories: - Torah: first five books of the Bible, interpreted by rabbis and scholars, and contains laws and commandments - Talmud: “oral torah” commentary on the Torah, philosophical document written in Aramaic - Other documents: Maimonides13 principles of faith (613 commandments Community of Faith: - Rabbi: “teacher” - Sects: Orthodox (see themselves as separate), Conservative, Reform - Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob - Prophets: confronts people and kings, intermediaries with God - Kings: Saul (1st king), David (conquered Jerusalem), Solomon (built temple) - Synagogue, temple, and schul Ethics: - Kosher Laws: observance of the laws (orthodox) - Strictness in observance of Torah depends on sect - Sabbath: honour Sabbath (Saturday) – most important observance for Jews - Halakha: Jewish Law Six Trait Model for Understanding World Religions CHRISTIANITY Religious Experience: - One God - Holy Trinity – Father - Son - Holy Spirit -Connects through bible, saints, Jesus Christ, the Church, priests. They see the world as in need of Jesus Christ and their position is to be examples of Christ to show the world who He is. Sacred Stories: Symbols and Rituals: Community of Faith: -Christmas -Easter (Lent) - sacrament (7 in Roman Catholicism, less in other denominations) – visible signs of God’s grace in the world - Eucharist (the Lord’s supper) -Cross/Crucifixion -Mass (RC), Divine Liturgy (orthodox), Service (protestant) -Orthodox/Roman Catholic/Protestant -Priest, father, minister, bishop, pope -Jesus (Abraham, Moses) -ecumenism- movement to unite all Christians -prayer and worship unites the community Teaching and Doctrine: Ethics: -Do unto others s they would do unto you – golden rule -Forgive others and council -Jesus taught through example -Apostles Creed -Nicene Creed -main mission statement: the Beatitudes - Jesus is the fulfillment of Jewish law and covenant (Jesus reformed Jewish teachings) -Gospels- Jesus Christ’s life and teachings. First 4 books in the new testament. Parables- Jesus’ short stories to teach a moral or lesson. Bible- sacred text – New and Old Testament (Hebrew scriptures are the origin of Jesus’ teachings – many parallels to the Gospels) - 10 Commandments - Golden rule- whatever you wish that men would do to you, do so to them. - Inclusion (radical inclusion, table fellowship, compassion) Six Trait Model for Understanding World Religions ISLAM Religious Experience: -God is one -God is Master of all -World was God’s creation -Original goodness -Submission to God = Islam Sacred Stories: Symbols and Rituals: Community of Faith: -special celebrations -naming ceremony -marriage -Ramadan -pray 5 times per day – in a quiet place, recite from Qur’an, prayer postures -Sabbath day is on Friday -Mandatory congregational prayer -wudu (ritual washing) -imam: a person who leads prayer and delivers a prayer and who delivers a sermon just before the Friday prayers -two Muslim sects include: 1. Sunni 2. Shi’ah -Sufi sect (mystics) could include both Sunnis and Shi’ites -part of community -religion and state aren’t separate -women equal in rights but not responsibilities Teaching and Doctrine: Ethics: -there is one god -beliefs are purely personal affairs -the central creed is the Shahadah -strict monotheism -God speaks to people through prophets (including Jesus, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Mohammed) 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Shahadah: belief and profession that there is one god and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Prayer: muslims pray 5 times per day facing mecca 3. fasting during Ramadan 4. giving money to the poor 5. pilgrimage to mecca -Shariah is Islamic law -hi jab is modesty Qur’an -usually recites or chants it rather than reading silently -they believe Mohammed was directly quoting God -the book is comprised of God’s actual words so therefore humanity is encouraged to learn and understand the Qur’an -Hadith – the sayings of Mohammed