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Industrialism
• While political revolutions
swept through Europe
and the Americas, an
economic revolution
shook the world.
• It resulted in what is
known as industrialism, a
system based on the use
of machines rather than
on animal and human
power.
Where did industrialism begin?
• Industrialism started in
Great Britain during the
1700s.
• Within the next 200
years, it spread to other
parts of the world.
• The system changed life
so much that historians
call these changes the
Industrial Revolution.
Seeds for Industry
• Sweeping changes in farming,
known as the Agricultural
Revolution, helped industry to
take root in England, or Great
Britain.
• The Agricultural Revolution
started in the 1700s with the
enclosure movement.
• This movement began when
Parliament allowed large
landowners to fence off
common lands.
• In the past, landowners had
rented small strips of land to
farming families.
Enclosure Movement
• Through enclosure,
landowners could combine the
strips of land.
• Landowners often did one of
two things.
• Some planted large areas of
land with a single crop that
produced bigger profits.
• Others turned land into
pastures to graze sheep.
• They sold the wool to make
textiles, or woven cloth.
•
Other changes in farming
contributed to the Agricultural
Revolution
included…
Knowledge of crop rotation, or
rotating crops on three fields
instead of two. The rotation
kept soil fertile and more crops
could be grown.
• Invention of a seed drill by
Jethro Tull. The drill allowed
farmers to plant rows of seeds
rather than scattering them
over the fields.
• Breeding of stronger horses for
farm work and fatter sheep and
cattle for meat.
Capital and Labor 1
• These changes in farming created conditions
favorable to industry—the use of raw materials
to manufacture, or create, goods.
• Landowners now had more capital, or money, to
invest.
• This increased the capital already earned by
colonial merchants through trade.
• Many landowners and merchants invested their
own money in manufacturing or other
businesses.
Capital and Labor 2
• The enclosure movement
forced many peasants off their
land.
• Thousands of farmers moved
to cities to find work.
• This increase in the number of
people living in the city created
a larger labor supply, or
number of available workers,
for businesses.
• Improved methods of farming
and breeding produced more
food, which helped people live
longer, healthier lives.
• Britain’s population grew,
causing the labor supply to
grow even more.
Natural Resources and Markets 1
(Why Britain?)
• In addition to capital and
labor, Great Britain was
rich in natural resources.
• It possessed rivers that
flowed year-round.
• These rivers powered the
earliest machines.
• They also provided a
transportation network
that connected inland
areas to coastal harbors.
Natural Resources and Markets 2
(Why Britain?)
• Britain also had huge supplies
of coal and iron.
• In the years ahead, coal would
replace wood as a source of
fuel for running machines.
• Iron would be used to build
machines and to make steel.
• Finally, Britain had the markets
in which to sell manufactured
goods.
• It had a huge empire and the
ships to sail to ports around
the world.
• With a growing population, it
also had a big home market.
Rise of the Factory System
• A series of inventions
was the last
ingredient for
industrialism to occur.
• These inventions
encouraged the
switch from
handmade to
machine-made
goods.
Machines
• Machines first showed up in
the production of textiles.
• In the past, workers produced
cloth under what is known as
the cottage industry, or
domestic industry.
• Merchants went from cottage
to cottage, bringing sheep
wool to workers.
• Using hand-powered spinning
wheels and looms, the workers
spun and wove the wool into
cloth in their own homes.
• Merchants returned later and
picked up the finished textiles
to sell.
Rise of the Factory System 2
• Because this method of
production proved too slow,
inventors developed ways to
spin faster and to run
machines with waterpower.
• Textile merchants now build
factories near rivers and
streams.
• This trend was the beginning
of the factory system: a
method of production that
brought machines and workers
together in one place.
Coal-Powered Machines
• With the invention of coalpowered machines, factories
could be built anywhere.
• Whole towns grew up around
factories.
• This sparked the growth of
urbanization, or the movement
of people from rural areas to
cities.
• Britain was the first country to
become urbanized, meaning
more people lived in cities than
on farms.
Spread of Industrialism 1
• At first Britain tried to guard its industrial secrets.
• Parliament passed laws banning the export of machines
and the movement of skilled workers to other countries.
• The laws failed. Skilled British workers saw the
opportunity to make more money elsewhere.
• They left Britain and took their industrial skills with them.
• By the 1800s, Great Britain had given up efforts to create
a monopoly, or total control, of industry.
• British investors saw a chance to earn even more money
by funding industries elsewhere.
• They set up factories and built railroads in other parts of
the world.
Spread of Industry 2
• In the mid-1800s, one British leader called Great Britain
‘the workshop of the world.”
• Britain, however, had stiff competition from new industrial
powers such as in the United States and Germany.
• Another competitor emerged in Asia in the late 1800s
and early 1900s.
• Japan had its own Industrial Revolution.
• It industrialized everything from textiles to shipbuilding.
• The government and industrialists, know as zaibatsu,
adopted a new slogan: “rich country, strong army.”
Industry in the United States, Germany, and Japan.
Nation
Arrival
Early Developments
United States
Samuel Slater slips out of
Britain in 1789. He carries
spinning know-how to
Rhode Island.
•In 1814, Francis Cabot Lowell opens
a textile mill in Waltham,
Massachusetts.
•The factory system spreads through
New England.
•The North industrializes. The rural
South increasingly relies on the sale
of cotton to mills in New England and
Great Britain.
Germany
Germans begin buying
British machines in the early
1800s.
•In 1839, Germany uses British
capital to build its first railroad.
•German coal, iron, and textile
industries emerge in the mid-1800s.
•By 1870, Germany ranks with Britain
and the U.S. as the world’s three
most industrialized nations.
Japan
Commodore Matthew Perry
arrives in Japan in 1853 with a
fleet of new steam-powered
warships, exposing Japan to the
power of industry.
•In the late 1800s, Meiji leaders push
Japan to industrialize.
•Japan builds its first railroad in 1872.
•Japan takes partial control of Korean
trade in 1874.
•Agricultural production increases 228
percent between 1873 and 1900.
•By 1914, Japan has become one of
the world’s leading industrial powers.
It had increased trade by 100 percent
in 50 years.
Impact of Industrialism 1
• Growth of Cities:
• Rise of Industrial Capitalism:
Impact of Industrialism 2
• New methods of organizing business:
• Rise of an industrial working class:
Impact of Industrialism 3
• Rise of Trade Unions:
• Development of Socialism: