Download The Age of Exploration - DHS United States History

PIRATES
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POLITICAL
INTELLECTUAL
RELIGION
ART/ARCHITECTURE
TECHNOLOGY
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
ROANOKE
 First colony was named Virginia in honor of
the virgin Queen Elizabeth.
 Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to start a colony
on Roanoke Island, along the coast of presentday North Carolina, in 1585. It failed.
 A second attempt, made two years later, ended
mysteriously. Became known as the "Lost Colony"
 First English attempt at a colony in the New World.
JAMESTOWN (1607)
 FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH
SETTLEMENT IN THE NEW WORLD
Physical Environment of
Jamestown
 The colony nearly failed, due to
– conflict with Native Americans
– unrealistic expectations of settlers not used to doing
hard work
– poor location—near a swamp with disease-carrying
mosquitoes
– starvation
– poor leadership
What were they trying to find?
 London and Plymouth companies were
expected to find gold.
Jamestown Settlement
 To establish an American Colony, English
businessmen first had to get a charter, or
certificate of permission, from the king
Joint Stock Company
The charter allowed them to form a jointstock company—a company funded and
run by a group of investors who share
the company’s profits and losses.
The company, the Virginia Company, sent
100 colonists to Virginia in 1607. They
named their new village Jamestown, in
honor of King James I.
John Smith
 Elected leader in 1608.
 Put colonist to work. "If you don't work, you
don't eat"
Tobacco saved Jamestown
The Promise of Land
John Rolfe introduced Tobacco to the colony of
Jamestown in 1612.
 Tobacco saved the Virginia colonists from failure.
Large tobacco plantations sprang up around the
Jamestown area.
 In order to produce large crops of tobacco, planters
needed a way to persuade laborers to settle in
America.
 The headright system granted each person who came
to the colony 50 acres of land. This policy helped
attract English settlers to America.
Pocahontas and the Powhatan
 Pocahontas served as go between between
the settlers and the indians.
 She converted to Christianity after 1613 and
married John Rolfe.
 The help of local American Indians called
Powhatan by the English prevented
disaster. (gave settlers food and taught
them how to grow corn.
American Tobacco Imported By
England
Native American Resistence
Native Americans React
 In 1622, Native Americans attacked Jamestown,
intending to wipe out the English.
 The attempt failed, but 350 colonists (more than
25 percent of the population) and at least as many
Native Americans were killed.
 Important: In 1624, James I becomes disgusted
and turns Virginia into a Royal Colony = one
under direct control of the King. Sends more
troops and settlers to stop Indians.
Indians vs. Colonists
 Colonists’ demand for land leads to warfare
with Native Americans
 Colonists defeat Native Americans, force
them off their land
House of Burgesses
 First Representative legislative body in the
colonies.
Economic Differences Split Virginia
 Poor, former indentured servants demand
legislative representation.
 1676 uprising called Bacon’s Rebellion
results.
Bacon’s Rebellion
1. Settlers on the western frontier grew angry that
the governor of Virginia refused to raise troops
to defend them against Indian raids.
2. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raised a private army to
fight the Native Americans and take their land.
3. Governor Berkeley declared Bacon a rebel and
sent an army to stop him.
4. Bacon and his troops attacked and burned
Jamestown, charging that the government had
failed to protect the settlers, and that the settlers
had too little a voice in government.
Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon controlled almost all of
Virginia until his death, after which
Bacon’s Rebellion crumbled.
 Bacon’s rebellion was important because
It was the first rebellion in the American
colonies in which discontented
frontiersmen took part.
Indentured Servants
 Many English who wanted to sail to America
could not afford the voyage. They became
indentured servants, agreeing to work for a
master for a period of time in exchange for the
cost of the voyage, food, and shelter.
 Between 100,000 and 150,000 men and women
came as servants to work in the fields of
Virginia and Maryland during the 1600s. Many
died young due to the hot climate and disease
The Beginnings of Southern Slavery
 At the dawn of the American Revolution, 20
percent of the population in the thirteen
colonies was of African descent. The
legalized practice of enslaving blacks
occurred in every colony, but the economic
realities of the southern colonies
perpetuated the institution first legalized in
Massachusetts in 1641.
Indentured servants to slavery
 Also, the indentured servants, especially once
freed, began to pose a threat to the propertyowning elite. The colonial establishment had
placed restrictions on available lands, creating
unrest among newly freed indentured servants. In
1676, working class men burned down
Jamestown, making indentured servitude look
even less attractive to Virginia leaders. Also,
servants moved on, forcing a need for costly
replacements; slaves, especially ones you could
identify by skin color, could not move on and
become free competitors.
Slavery in America
 We sometimes imagine that such
oppressive laws were put quickly into full
force by greedy landowners. But that's not
the way slavery was established in colonial
America. It happened gradually -- one
person at a time, one law at a time, even
one colony at a time.
Story
 In England, in 1534, King Henry VIII broke with
the Catholic Church to found a Protestant
church. The English who complained that this
new church continued too many Catholic
practices were called Puritans, because they
wanted a “purer” kind of church. Some Puritans
started separate churches of their own and
were called Separatists. Both Puritans and
Separatists were persecuted (attacked)
because of their beliefs.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
 The Puritans wanted to reform, or purify, the
Protestant Church.
 The Puritans convinced about 1,000 Native
Americans to adopt Puritan religious beliefs
and live in “praying towns.”
 The Puritan plan was to have well-ordered
families in well-ordered towns in a well-ordered
colony. (Intolerant).
 Many Puritans believed their colony, and
indeed America, was a “city upon a hill”—an
example to people throughout the world.
The Pilgrims
 One group of Separatists, those who came to be called the
Pilgrims, sailed to New England on the Mayflower.
 They sought the freedom to worship as they wanted.
 Ship sailed off course during trip.
 The Mayflower Compact = The Pilgrims made an agreement,
that they would obey all of their government’s laws. This
belief in self-government would later become one of the
founding principles of the United States.
 In 1620, pilgrims founded the Plymouth Colony = The
second permanent English Colony in North America
Banishment, Roger Williams and
Rhode Island
 Roger Williams founds Providence (Rhode Island)
 Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, was banished
from Massachusetts in 1635, after quarreling with
Puritan authorities.
 Williams argued two main points:
– He believed that the English king did not have the authority to
give away land in North America that rightly belonged to
Native Americans. (unless land was purchased)
– He also believed that the government should not interfere with
or punish settlers over matters of religion.
 Rhode Island = His new settlement, called Providence,
guaranteed religious tolerance of all settlers. He
negotiated land with local Narragansett tribe.
Connecticut and New Hampshire
 In 1638, a new group of Separatists from
England founded New Haven, in presentday Connecticut.
 In 1662, New Haven and the Connecticut
Colony were combined into a single royal
colony.
 In 1638, John Wheelwright founded a
colony at Exeter, in present-day New
Hampshire.
Anne Hutchison
 She said people needed
neither the church or its
ministers to interpret the
Bible. (She challenges the
status quo.)
 Her home in Boston became a
center for those who wanted
to think for themselves, and
critics of the government
gathered there.
 She was called to trial and the
courts declared her “unfit for
our society.” She was
banished from Massachusetts
in 1637.
Half-way Covenant
 The Half-Way Covenant was a form of partial church
membership created by New England in 1662. Many felt
that the people of the English colonies were drifting away
from their original religious purpose. First-generation
settlers were beginning to die out.
 while their children and grandchildren often expressed less
religious piety, and more desire for material wealth.
 In response, the Half-Way Covenant provided a partial
church membership for the children and grandchildren
of church members
Loss of Mass. Charter
 The colonial charter that the original
Pilgrims had brought with them was
revoked in 1684. By 1692, the year the
witch situation began in Salem, Village,
the charter had not been restored. With
the loss of the charter the colonists
ceased to have any legal right to their
lands.
The Great Migration (1630s)
 In the Great Migration, thousands of English
settlers moved to New England. Though many of
them were Puritans who migrated so they could
worship as they pleased, they did not believe in
religious tolerance—the idea that people of
different religions should live in peace together.
Salem Witch Trials
In 1692, after the Salem witch trials,
twenty men and women in Salem,
Massachusetts, were executed
because they were believed to be
practicing witchcraft.
Restoration Colonies
 The colonies formed after the Restoration of
Charles II in England.
New York
 Dutch set up New
Amsterdam as center of
fur-trading colony (1625)
 Dutch take over New
Sweden on the Delaware
River (1655)
 British duke of York takes
colony, renames it New
York (1664)
Pennsylvania
 The Quakers Settle
Pennsylvania
 William Penn, a Quaker,
founds Pennsylvania
(“Penn’s Woods”)
 Quakers, the Society of
Friends, are pacifist
Protestants who worship
without formal
ministers (Part of HOLY
EXPERIMENT)
- believe in equality,
cooperation, religious
toleration
HOLY EXPERIMENT
 The "Holy Experiment" was an attempt
by the Quakers to establish a
community for themselves in
Pennsylvania.
 They hoped it would show to the world
how well they could function on their
own without any persecution or
dissension.
Benjamin Franklin
 Symbol of social
mobility and
individualism
 Founded Poor
Richards Almanack
which contained
advicee on a wide
variety of topics
Southern Colonies
• Southern Colonies: Virginia, Maryland,
the Carolinas, and Georgia.
• Virginia was the first; the others began
as proprietary colonies.
The Carolinas
 In 1663, King Charles II granted
ownership of Carolina to a group of
English noblemen, who split the territory
into North and South Carolina in 1712.
 In 1719, South Carolina became a royal
colony.
 North Carolina became a royal colony in
1729.
 Both colonies thrived on tobacco profits.
Maryland
 Englishman George Calvert wanted to start a colony
that would be a safe haven for Roman Catholics who
were being persecuted in England.
 Calvert’s son, Lord Baltimore, established the colony
in the Chesapeake Bay area.
 Baltimore ordered the adoption of the Maryland
Toleration Act to ensure that Catholics were protected,
as his father had wanted… however, non-Christians
were not protected.
 Planters in Maryland used African slaves to farm
tobacco.
Georgia (Last of the Original 13)
 Georgia, established in 1732, was managed by
trustees. (A trustee is someone entrusted to
look after a business.)
 The trustees, led by James Oglethorpe, wanted
Georgia to be a haven for English debtors.
 In return, the trustees, promised that Georgia
would help protect the Southern Colonies from
Spanish raiders based in Florida.
 Catholics were not allowed to settle in Georgia.
 Settlers had to follow strict rules—no liquor,
or slaves.
Economics
A. Mercantilism
1. Favorable balance of trade (sell more goods than
buy)
2. Trade must pass through home country (provide raw
materials for mother country)
3. Create a self-sufficient economy (not depend on
other countries)
4. Acquire as much gold and silver as possible.
B. Navigation Acts
1. Colonies could export certain products only to
England. Enumerated Goods or listed goods.
2. No country could trade with colonies unless goods
shipped in colonial or English ships
3. Eventually forced Massachusetts to become a royal
colony in 1684.
Conflict with
Indians
The Pequot War (1637)
 The Pequot people of
Connecticut were
attacked by English
settlers
 At Pequot fort on
Mystic River, 395 out
of 400 indians were
killed
King Philips War
Tensions between natives and colonists grow for
40 years
 In 1675 chief Metacom leads several tribes in King
Philip’s War.
 Attack Puritan 52 colonial villiages, destroying 16. 1/10 of
colonist military age in New England killed. (higher
percentage of population killed than American Revolution
or American Civil War.
 Native Americans surrender due to casualties, disease,
and famine
 To commemorate victory, Puritans exhibited Metacoms
head at Plymouth for 20 years.
 Important: With his defeat, Native American power in
southeastern New England was gone forever.
Middle Passage
 The Middle Passage
Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic
trade, transports slaves
 20% or more of Africans on ship die from
disease, abuse, suicide
 Slavery in the South
 Work from sunup to sundown.
 Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death
 All night, all night forever.
 Live in one-room dirt shacks. Disease
infested.
Resistance and Revolt
 Resistance and Revolt
 Slaves resist subservient position, try to
escape
 1739 Stono Rebellion—planter families
killed, militia defeats slaves
 Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave
rebellions continue
Comparisons
Great Awakening and Enlightenment emphasize
opposing aspects of human experience –
emotionalism and reason.
Both caused people to question traditional authority.
Both stressed importance of individual
 Enlightenment by emphasizing human reason
 Great Awakening by de-emphasizing the role of
church authority.
Colony
European
Settlement
Virginia
1607
Maryland
1632
Reason for Settlement
Search for gold, English
outpost against Spain,
Economics
Leaders
John Smith:
John Rolfe;
Thomas Dale
Establish a Catholic settlement
Cecilius Calvert
escape religious persecution
(Lord Baltimore)
Charter
1
Joint-stock 1607-1624;
royal 1625-1776
Economic
Activities
Tobacco
Proprietary 1632-1691; royal
Tobacco
1691-1716; proprietary 17161776
5
Carolina
1655
North Carolina
1670
South Carolina
Georgia
Land Wealth, refuge for
small
farmers; strengthen English
possessions in the
Americas
6
1732
Settlement for debtors;
buffer
Carolinas from Spanish
Florida
William Berkeley;
Anthony AshleyCooper;
John Locke
Proprietary 1663-1712
Proprietary 1712-1729;
royal 1729-1776
Proprietary 1712-1719;
royal 1719-1776
Ship supplies,
rice, indigo,
tobacco
James
Oglethorpe
Proprietary 1732-1752;
royal 1752-1776
Rice, indigo,ship
supplies