Download THE COLD WAR

Intro:
Define/explain each term
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Brandenburg Gate
Nuremburg Trials
Rosenberg's
WARSAW Pact
NATO
NSC 68
Kim Jong IL
Sygman Rhea
Containment Theory
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Atomic Diplomacy
Morgenthau Plan
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
London Protocol
USS Missouri
Berlin Blockade
THE COLD WAR
Brandenburg Gate
Victoria
Quadriga
East Berlin
West Berlin
Cold War
• After WWII France, Brittan, the Dutch, China
and most other European nations suffered
economically.
• Only the USA left the war with an economic
boom and a dominating military power.
• This caused conflict between America and
many other nations. (3rd world nations)
USA and U.N. to the Rescue
• Immediately after the war the UN supplied
relief to the war torn parts of Asia and Europe.
– Trying to mend some relations
• The USA sent billions of $ to the UN to help
finance the rebuilding of Europe and Asia.
– Britain itself borrowed almost $4 Billion from the
USA to pay for food.
USA Running Japan
• As part of the Japan Surrender Treaty signed on the USS
Missouri, Japan came under allied control.
 Dwight Eisenhower as supreme controller of the allied
occupational powers controlled Japan during the occupation for
approximately 8 months!
 Japanese Sign Final Surrender
 Soviets, Poland, and Czechoslovakia opposed this plan and
refused to sign the treaty
 April 28th 1952 US officially ended the war with Japan and ALSO
ended the US Occupation of Japan
 Japan then signed treaties with most of the allied countries
allowing them (the allied countries) to keep troops in Japan.
Backtrack
Setting the Stage
for Cold War
Berlin Split
• USA, France, Britain, and Russia all shared
occupation duties in Germany
• London Protocol 1944
– Berlin was split into 3 sectors. (4 later)
– USA, Britain, and Russia all occupying a party of
Germany
• France came in later
– USA, France, and Britain’s section of Berlin was in
Soviet controlled area of Germany
Potsdam Conference 1945
Potsdam Conference 1945
• Allied powers authorized an “orderly and
humane” transfer of ethnic Germans from
Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary to
mainland Germany. (But this was put on hold)
– Caused torture of the Germans
(men/women/children)
– Germans forced to wear arm bands and died while
being forced to work in labor camps
– Over 2 million Germans died during this slow
“transportation” period
Potsdam Conference 1945
• Big goal was Denazification
– Eliminating all traces of the Nazi’s in Germany
– Eradicating Nazi influences in society, culture,
press, economy, judiciary and visual aspects.
– Removed all Swastikas
– Harsh treatment was given to
supposed German Nazi’s (induced famine)
• Hard to police.
• YouTube - Nuremberg: Denazification and Nazi
Trials
Morgenthau Plan
• Created by Henry Morgenthau Jr. (U.S.
Secretary of Treasury)
• A plan to ensure that Germany wouldn’t be
able to wage war.
• Destroyed it’s industrial capabilities
• Set up the framework for putting War
Criminals on Trial.
• Precursor for the Nuremburg War Trials
Nuremburg Trials
• Held in Nuremburg in 1945-1946
• 22 former Nazi officials were put on trial for
War Crimes.
– 19 Convicted
– 12 sentenced to be hanged (only 10 hung)
• Long Drop vs. Standard Drop
• No firing squad for military officials
– YouTube - 21 Nazi Chiefs Guilty, Nuremberg Trials
1946/10/8
USA Refurbishes Japan
• Under the treaty with Japan.
• USA required Japan to destroy all military
weapons.
– Japan would be protected by the USA’s military
force. (Specifically our nuclear capabilities)
• USA completely set up and modernized
Japanese industry, management, and quality
control.
• In less than 30 years Japan became a viable
international economy.
1945 Bombing of Japan
Aftermath of the Atomic Bomb
Aftermath
In Japan
from the
Atomic
Bomb
Japan 2009
Japan 2009
Japan 2009
Japan 2009
Japan 2009
Detroit 2009
Groundwork for Cold War
YALTA 1945
• Joseph Stalin—Soviet Union
• Franklin D. Roosevelt—USA
• Winston Churchill—Great Britain
• Discussed plans for final strike in Europe.
• How they would handle Germany (post war)
– Divide into 4 zones, Joint occupation of Berlin
• United Nations Official Existence- Oct. 24th 1945
Yalta…Hot Points
Poland:
– Soviets wanted the government in Lublin (Communist
Government) to be the governing body of Poland.
(Soviets had very strong geographical/economic
interests in Poland.
– Britain wanted the London Government to rule
Poland.
– USA compromised:
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Lublin would be the government of Poland.
Stalin would agree to “free & unrestrained” elections
Stalin agreed to hold the elections at “some time”.
Lublin would also have “other” political leaders as well.
War in Asia Agreement
• Yalta Concessions
• What Soviets Got
• What The USA Got
– Do this on your own
• USA really wanted Soviet help in the war with
Japan.
• USA agreed to many political concessions to
Soviets to accomplish this. (Soviets gained a
lot of political power)
Soviets Union expands it’s grasp
• Soviets started to set up communist regimes
in Eastern Europe
• Roosevelt and Truman saw this as a violation
of the Yalta agreements.
• Truman specifically told the Soviet union they
were in violation of the Yalta
agreement…Soviets didn’t care.
• Stalin set up puppet communist governments
in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
and Hungary.
Churchill
Uncle Sam
USA’s Response
• USA concerned with Soviet influence expansion.
• USA viewed Eastern Europe as a viable trading
partner….Now in serious jeopardy because of
Soviet control.
• Soviets asked for $6 billion from USA.
– USA said only on the condition that the soviets work
cooperatively with us on trade. (Soviets said NYET)
– Soviets then asked for only $1 billion. But USA said
on the condition USA could trade in Eastern Europe.
(NYET AGAIN)
Tensions Grow
• Soviets resented lack of USA help and our failure
to accept their dominance in E. Europe.
• USA distrusted the Soviets Union
• USA imposed economic sanctions on Soviet
Union… But it didn’t deter them.
• USA figured it wasn’t worth a war with Soviet
Union over E. Europe.
• USA looked the other way and reluctantly
accepted Soviet Union expansion in E. Europe.
USE of the A-Bomb Rational??
• Critics of Truman say he used the A-Bomb:
– “Atomic Diplomacy”
– On an already defeated Japan to stop Soviets from
going too far into China
– So Soviets wouldn’t’ have involvement in postwar
occupation of Japan.
USE of the A-Bomb Rational??
• Truman rational for use of the A-Bomb: “Theories”
– Because it would bring a quick end to the war. #1
– Save countless American lives #1
– Afraid of criticism from American Public of spending
$2billion on a weapon and not using it
– Use of bomb would make Soviets more cooperative.
• It didn’t.
– Hoped it would end the war with Japan before Soviets
got involved thus keeping soviets out of post war spoils.
USA fears Iron Curtain
• USA was hoping to have a free trade with a
prosperous E. Europe.
• Soviets were determined to acquire and set up
puppet governments in surrounding countries.
• Winston Churchill said “we need to roll back
the iron curtain of the Soviet Union”
– Soviet Union took this as a declaration of war.
USA tries to bring unity
• USA offers Soviet Union chance to join:
– World Bank
– International Monetary Fund
• Both were denied by the Soviet Gov.
– Soviets didn’t want to join because they felt both of
those organizations were dominated by the USA and
went against the Soviets plan for postwar.
RISE OF THE COLD WAR
“THE ARMS RACE”
VS
Nuclear Power
• Truman mentioned to Stalin in early 1945 they
had a new weapon that would be awesome.
• Stalin didn’t seem to care.
– Stalin on the spot told his advisors to funnel
money to their own nuclear arms research.
• Stalin hired spies in the USA and other areas
to find out as much info on the Manhattan
Project.
The Rosenbergs
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
• Civilians who were convicted of passing along
information to the Soviets about the Atomic
Bomb.
– First civilians EVER executed for Espionage
• Executed June 19th 1953 under the Espionage
Act.
• This information helped the Soviets gain Nuclear
Weapons approximately 5 years earlier than
expected.
USA Worries of Nuclear Weapons
• The world was worried about a potential arms
race. (what else could they come up with)
• USA tried to go through the UN to gain control
of international nuclear weapons.
– Bernard Baruch: Lead the plan for the USA
USA/UN’s Nuclear Plan
• Nuclear Weapons would be curtailed in stages
but the USA would keep their weapons.
• The Soviets would have to allow UN
inspections of their Nuclear Sites to ensure
compliance.
– Soviets said NYET!
– Soviets said how about USA destroys their
weapons as a sign of faith.
– USA said…”have you lost your mind? No!”
Disarmament Stalemate:
• USA & Soviets both said their plan
unconditionally or nothing.
• Atomic Energy Act of 1946:
– Agency (nongovernmental) to control all atomic
energy research.
– Kept tight restrictions
– Only applied to the USA
– (feeble attempt of show of faith)
Disarmament Stalemate
• The mutual rise of Nuclear Weapons and the
arms race most likely helped the world AVOID
WWIII.
– Be able to explain how and why.
• Truman Doctrine
Lead up to the Marshall Plan:
• The split of East and West Europe hurt
American Economy.
– Eastern Europe was being run (semi-successfully)
by the Soviets and communism.
– Western Europe was following democracy.
• Western Europe didn’t bounce back from the
war like the USA did with a strong economy.
• Western Europe was in bad economic shape.
Lead up to the Marshall Plan:
• France, Italy, and even West Germany were
hurting economically and the USA feared they
may turn to Communism.
– They all had strong communist parties within their
country.
• These countries had a growing “Dollar Gap”
• Dollar Gap:
– The difference, measured in U.S. dollars, between
the earnings of a foreign country through sales
and investments in the U.S. and the payments
made by that country to the U.S.
Lead up to the Marshall Plan:
• The “dollar gap” was exciding $8 billion
dollars.
• USA didn’t want any Western European
countries falling to Communism.
• Truman asked General George Marshall to
draft a plan for European Recovery. (European
Recovery Program)
• The plan was designed to help fight hunger,
poverty, desperation, chaos, and to help the
USA on a world economic level.
The Marshall Plan
• European Nations would work TOGETHER to
recover.
• USA would help them formulate a recovery plan
for all European Countries…..TOGETHER.
• All European Nations were invited to participate.
– Including Soviet Union and E. European Countries
controlled by the Soviets.
• Truman urged congress to appropriate $27 Billion
for this plan. (only 5 Million was given)
The Marshall Plan:
• Soviets did attend but walked out of the meeting
citing it was just another attempt for the USA to
control Europe.
– Stalin’s response was to stage a coup in Czechoslovakia
– This was a show of the Soviets flexing their communist
muscles as a show of opposition.
• This lead to the European Economic Cooperation
(1948)
– Agreement of over 30 countries to a representative
democracy and free-market economy.
European Economic Cooperation
(Goals)
1. To achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and
employment and a rising standard of living in Member
countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to
contribute to the development of the world economy;
2. To contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as
well as nonmember countries in the process of economic
development; and
3. To contribute to the expansion of world trade on a
multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with
international obligations.
The Marshall Plan:
It worked!
• European economy rose over 200%.
• It worked because it “taught them to fish”
• It established a viable economic region for the
USA to do business with.
• This plan also helped maintain the U.S. policy
of Containment of communism…no western
European country fell to communism for
economic reasons.
• Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade & Airlift
Berlin Airlift & Blockade
• With the success of the Marshall Plan the
Soviets decided to try to squeeze the
Americans out of Berlin to gain full control
over Germany (a vital central Europe foothold)
• Berlin, as per the London Protocol was divided
into 4 sectors.
– (By this time USA, France, Britain joined theirs
together)
Berlin Airlift & Blockade
• Soviets closed all access roads into W. Berlin
which was deep inside Soviet territory in East
Germany.
• Soviets also cut power lines into West Berlin.
– They hoped it would cripple W. Berlin and force
the Americans to allow the Soviets to supply them
with their necessities thus giving the Soviets
control.
Berlin Airlift & Blockade
American Response
• American Response was 2 fold.
– 1st. Fly over 50 Bombers with Nuclear Warheads to
land/base in Britain to get them closer to the Soviets.
– 2. Start a multinational Airlift of fuel and food into
W. Berlin.
• Flights came into W. Berlin every 90 seconds!
– Approx 450-600 flights per day!
• The airlift lasted 324 days.
• June 1948 to May 1949
Berlin Airlift & Blockade
American Response
• Soviets didn’t want to
intervene because they
didn’t want WWIII
• Soviets never expected
the Airlift to work.
• YouTube - Berlin Airlift
• Huge moral victory for
the USA and humiliating
for the Soviets.
NATO
• Americans knew that the Soviet actions would
require a stronger resolve than just themselves.
• They knew military action would also most likely
be necessary and having just gotten out of a war
they wanted back up.
• 1949 NATO comes to life.
– North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
– Comprised of 10 European countries + USA and
Canada.
NATO
• One key element of NATO is the language;
– An armed attack against one or more members shall
be considered an attack against them all.
– Meaning if you attack 1 country all countries in part
of NATO are fighting back.
– This alliance ensured to the Soviets that aggression
from them in anyway would bring about WWIII
– NATO was America's 1st Joint Military Agreement.
WARSAW PACT
• Soviets responded with the WARSAW PACT
• Similar alliance with Eastern European
Countries.
More Nuclear Arms
• 1949 Soviets successfully build their Atomic
Bomb.
• Truman authorizes the continued
research/development of the Hydrogen bomb.
More Nuclear Arms
• 1949 Soviets successfully build their Atomic
Bomb.
• Truman authorizes the continued
research/development of the Hydrogen bomb.
• A Bomb 1000x more destructive than the ones
dropped on Japan. (Tested in 1952)
• Soviets tested their own H-Bomb in 1953.
• (The fact that both had the bomb just upped the
ante and kept us safe from WWIII)
Containment Put to the Test
• In 1949, China was going through a major
political change via a Civil War.
– Mao Zedong emerged and established the People’s
Republic of China (communist government)
Mao Zedong
Jiang Jieshi
– Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist Government was losing
control. (USA supported his party)
Containment Put to the Test
• USA tried to negotiate a peace/power sharing
system between both parties.
– Both declined because they each thought they
could win in a military battle against each other.
• Jieshi led an offensive but spread himself too
thin and eventually his party/military fled to
Taiwan.
• Mao Zedong set up a communist government
in China and this was a defeat of the Truman
Doctrine principle for the USA.
Containment Put to the Test
• With Zedong’s victory the US official policy
became “nonrecognition” we didn’t recognize the
People’s Republic of China as the official
government.
• We issued a trade boycott with China that lasted
more than 20 years until Nixon’s 1972 visit to
China.
Containment Put to the Test
Part II
Vietnam
• 1950 France had been trying to reestablish a
colonialism in Vietnam
– Colonialism:
• The control or governing influence of a nation over a
dependent country, territory, or people
• USA took a neutral stance because we didn’t
want to get into colonialism issues but we
were against communism so we secretly
helped France.
Containment Put to the Test
Part II (Vietnam)
• French set up a puppet government in Saigon
to “rationalize” the USA involvement
– In essence to allow our involvement under the
Truman Doctrine.
• Soviets and China officially recognized Ho Chi
Minh’s Communist Government.
• USA then recognizes the “Mock Government
in Saigon”
Containment Put to the Test
Part II (Vietnam)
• We begin funneling $ and military aid to S.
Vietnam.
• Truman then sends in a small amount of
troops.
• Troops are in Vietnam in various degrees for
the next 25 years!!!
• NSC 68 (On your own)
– What it was
– When it happened
– What it proposed
– How much
– Any specific uses
New Asia Plan
Korean Conflict
• After the “loss” of China, • North Korea
Truman & America change
– Kim iL Sung (leader)
their foreign policy in
– Communist
Asia.
– Backed by the Soviets
– USA reorganized their
• South Korea
areas of “protection”
– Syngman Rhee (leader)
– It excluded Taiwan, Korea
– Republic government
and most of Southeast
– Outside the protection area
Asia. (Meaning they had to
of the USA
fend for themselves)
• 1950 N. Korea invades
S. Korea
Korean Police Action
• Soviets backed N. Korea’s invasion (figured an
easy win without the USA)
• USA decided to help S. Korea because we
couldn’t risk another “loss” like China.
– Feared communism getting larger and becoming a
global threat. (DETAILS NEEDED)
• Truman didn’t get congress permission to
declare war so it was termed a “POLICE ACTION”
– Officially it was run through the United Nations
– USA provided over 90% of the operations
Korean Police Action
• The separation point
was the 38th Parallel
• War didn’t go well at
first but the USA led an
attack at Inchon and
Pusan
• Within 3 months
MacArthur and the USA
had pushed the
Communist insurgents
back across the 38th
Parallel.
Korean Police Action
• Truman then decides to go
across the 38th parallel
• Diverging from containment
to “reoccupation/rollback”
• MacArthur went in and was
successful. He continued on.
• North Korea was on the
verge of defeat.
General Douglas MacArthur
Korean Police Action
North Korea/China/Soviets
• 1. China issued warnings to
stop pushing north.
• 4. China sent over 300,000
troops in and split the 2
offensives in half.
– Within 2 weeks MacArthur’s
troops were driven back down
past the 38th parallel.
USA
• 2. MacArthur ignored them
– Assured Truman he would win
the war and have our boys
home by Christmas.
• 3. MacArthur launches 2
major offensives (thinking it
would end the war)
• 5. MacArthur wanted to
launch an attack against
China (go all out)
– Truman felt attacking China
meant attacking the Soviets
– MacArthur felt China acted
alone
Korean Police Action
• 6. Truman decided not to go into China. He
would return to building up our weapons.
(NSC 68 continued)
• Sam Kinison Teaches History
• Pg. 49-51 (out loud)
• Fighting continued in Korea to contain
communism.
• I __________________ do authorize and accept the
conditions of the video of which I’m given the chance
to view. Mr. Malecki has informed me of its content
and has given me a chance to remove myself from
the room if I objected to it’s content/language
without any penalty to myself in terms of grading or
class participation. I acknowledge the material in the
clip is for humor purposes and does not express any
views of Mr. Malecki or the Bentworth School
district. I give my consent to view the clip knowing
it’s of my own free will and will not hold Mr. Malecki
or The Bentworth School District responsible in any
way shape or form.
Korean Police Action
• MacArthur has Senator Joe Martin read a
letter to Congress chastising the president for
his lack of guts to go into N. Korea and China.
• April 11th 1951 President Truman relieves
General MacArthur of his command in Korea.
– Most people supported MacArthur
– People called for Truman to be impeached
– It was another black eye for our country because
the Korean War was unpopular in the first place
– The Last of Douglas Macarthur
MacArthur Comes Home
• MacArthur returns to tickertape parades.
• People tout his command (he is widely
supported)
• 3 days later April 16th 1951 MacArthur
addresses congress and retires from the
military.
• Congress investigates his dismissal and it
became clear the Truman fired an
insubordinate general who was not following
the chain of command.
Struggle for Truce in Korea
• Peace talks kept getting bogged down to end
the war because:
– China wanted captured N. Koreans and Chinese
returned to them.
– These prisoners didn’t want to return to the
communist government.
– USA wouldn’t force someone back to a country
they didn’t want to go.
• This helped justify the war to the USA (containment
and how communism was not popular)
Korean War Ends
• President Eisenhower threatened a major
expansion of the war if a truce couldn’t be
achieved.
• July 27th 1953 China/N. Korea agree to a peace.
– N. Korea & Chinese solders were able to remain in
S. Korea.
– The 38th parallel became the dividing line again.
– USA kept troops in S. Korea “just in case” which
made S. Korea’s government happy.
Impact of the Korean War on the
Cold War
• Took Containment to a global perspective.
• Changed the Cold War struggle by adding the
military aspect.
– USA realized it had to be a military force during
peace time. (just in case)
– Most Americans were onboard with
Truman’s/Eisenhower’s approach to the Soviets
(being harsh)
– Soviets were portrayed by the American media as
aggressors.
Impact of the Korean War on the
Cold War
• Soviet leaders came to be viewed as the New
Hitler's and the New Nazi’s
• By the early 1950’s because of world events,
most Americans agreed that containing
communism was the best interest of the USA
as a whole and the world.
• Containing communism became the biggest
foreign policy perspective for the next 40
years.