Download Going Small

Big Bang, Black
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ASTR/PHYS 109
Dr. David Toback
Lecture 4
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Topic 3: Going Small
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Prep For Today (is now due) – L4
• Reading (should already have been completed)
– Required: BBBHNM: Chapter 1-4
• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions (PLRQ)
– All Boot Camp quizzes (already due)
– Unit 1 in CPR: Stage 1 Not yet assigned
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes
– Chapter 2
• Papers
– None assigned
– First one will be assigned when we do Chapter 6
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Next Topic: Going Small
• Finished looking at various things in
the universe going from the sizes
we know to the VERY big
• Next we do the very small
• Why? If we want to understand
the universe we need to know
what’s in it and what its made of
• Why and how did it get to be the
way it is?
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Starting out with small things
A baseball is a
size we know
from everyday
experience
10 centimeters,
or 0.1 meters, or
10-1 meters.
About 3 inches
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Getting smaller
Something
smaller you
can see with
your eyes
0.01 meters,
(10-2 m) or 1 cm,
or about a 1/3 of
an inch
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Much smaller
A simple dust
mite is barely
visible with the
naked eye
Into the realm
of biology
10-3 meters
or 1 millimeter
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A human hair
Looking a the
side view of
a single
hair
10-4 meters
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Closer still…
A single red
blood cell
10-5 meters
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Further still
An HIV virus
which is one
of the
bigger known
viruses
10-6 meters
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Small Virus
A polio virus
which is
known to be
one of the
smaller
viruses
10-7 meters
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The Double Helix
A close up of
the helical
structure of
DNA
Starting to get
into Chemistry
10-8 meters
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An Atom
• What we’re seeing
is the electron
“cloud” as it goes
around the atom
• Kinda like the
blades of a fan
• The realm of
Physics
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10-9 meters or
1 nanometer
10 million in a cm
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Introduction
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Inside an Atom
• Snapshot in time of
2 electrons
“orbiting” the
nucleus
• Atoms are
“composite” things,
not fundamental
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-10 meters
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Introduction
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The Central Part of the Atom
• The electrons
are outside our
field of view
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10-11 meters
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Homing in on The Nucleus
• Still zooming
into the center
of the atom
• The atom is
mostly empty
space
10-12 meters
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The Structure of the Nucleus
Can just start to
see the “stuff”
inside the
nucleus
The nucleus is not
fundamental
10-13 meters
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Protons and Neutrons
• A carbon atom
has 6 protons
(blue) and 6
neutrons (grey)
• VERY tightly
packed
10-14 meters
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Inside the Proton
Three quarks inside
the proton
– Protons are
composite
– Quarks are
fundamental
10-15 meters
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Other Fundamental Particles?
• Electrons and
quarks (as far as
we know) are
fundamental
• Lots of other
fundamental
particles
• Recently discovered
the Higgs Boson
Introduction
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Anti-Matter
Each fundamental particle has an anti-matter
version which is also fundamental
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Stable and Unstable Particles
Protons are stable  live forever
Neutrons outside a nucleus are unstable
 can decay
Neutron  Proton + Electron +
Neutrino
Electron
Decay
Proton
Neutron
Note that this only
happens when Neutrons
are by themselves (not in
an atom)
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Neutrino
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Inside an Atom
If an atom were the size of a large city,
then the neutrons and protons would be the
size of a person, and the electrons and
quarks would be smaller than a small freckle
http://bigbang.physics.tamu.edu/Figures/StolenAnimations/Animation_Atom.mpg
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Summary: The “Small” Sciences
Matter
Molecule
Atom
Nucleus
Protons &
Neutrons
Quarks
u
cm
10-14 m
10-9 m
10-10 m
Chemistry
Atomic Physics
Nuclear
Physics
10-15 m
<10-19 m
top, bottom,
charm, strange,
up, down
Electrons
<10-19 m
Particle Physics
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Questions…
• How large are electrons and
quarks?
– We don’t know… that’s what I
(and others) do for a living…
• What are they “made of”? Are
they made of anything? Strings?
• Are there other fundamental
particles we haven’t discovered?
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Lecture on Chapter 3
now complete
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Prep For Next Time – L4
• Reading:
– No new reading
– Unit 2 reading assigned next time
• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions
– PLRQ Boot Camp quizzes (due already)
– Unit 1 in CPR: Stage 1 Not yet assigned
• End of Chapter Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 3 then EOC quiz 3 (else just
Chapter 2)
• Papers
– None assigned
– First one will be assigned when we do Chapter 6
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Full Set of Readings So Far
•Required: BBBHNM: Chap 1-4
•Recommended:
– BHOT: Chap. 1-3
– SHU: Chap. 1-2
– TOE: Chap. 1
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Clicker Quiz
A muon is observed to decay into an electron
and two different neutrinos. Is a muon
considered a fundamental particle?
a) No, because it has the electrons and
neutrinos inside it so it can't be
fundamental.
b) Yes, because it isn't composed of electrons
and neutrinos, it just decays into them
c) No, because fundamental particles can't
decay
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Clicker Quiz
Q: What does it mean for an electron to be
"stable?"
a) It is balanced with exactly one proton
b) Its orbit ring exists in one plane (no
wobble)
c) It has reached minimum size (10-19 m)
d) Undisturbed, it can go on living forever and
ever
e) They don't appear to be made of anything
smaller
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First CPR Assignment:
PLRQ for Unit 1 in Calibrated
Peer Review (CPR)
Will announce due dates soon
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Pre-Lecture Reading Questions in CPR
• The full PLRQ Assignments will be
done online using the Calibrated
Peer Review (CPR) system
– Will be doing a full Unit at a
time
– Each assignment has 2 stages
(more on in the next slide)
– The quizzes in eCampus are
about practicing before you start
on the CPR system
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Learning to Write and Critique
• Each CPR Assignment has two parts (Call them Stage 1
and Stage 2)
1.You do your own writing and submit
2.You review and evaluate other papers (and your own)
• Why?
– Learn how to determine the difference between
excellence and mediocrity (according to the class
standard), and give feedback (evaluate) papers to
make them better
– Learn to better evaluate your own work to make it
excellent BEFORE you turn it in
• Want you to get good at writing and being able to tell
you Black
have written excellently
before we get to the33
Introduction
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class
Topic for
3: Going
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The “I hate CPR Club”
• Most students HATE CPR until they get good at it
• Many reasons:
– Takes practice to get good at the system
– Learning how to both be a good writer and be a good
evaluator is really difficult (and incredibly important) skill –
Takes practice
– We require you follow the instructions
– You need to learn the standards we will be using in the class,
not your own, personal standards
• My advice: Don’t fight the system, blame it for being “unfair”,
or wish it were “better.” Just do what it takes to get good at it
• Don’t hesitate to ask for help (instructions in the FAQ)
• If you are grumbling and neither I nor the TA have heard from
you to talk to you about it, then you get what you deserve
– Don’t pretend this is a way to get free grading by the
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instructor… You’ll be wrong and it will just piss you off
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Stage I and Stage II in CPR
Stage I: (Typically due before the first class of the Unit)
– Write 4 questions and turn them into CPR (online)
– Make sure to use HTML formatting (do a Preview to check)
– Use the <p> or <BR> lines after your paragraph or question.
Stage II: (Typically due before the following lecture)
• Three-Parts
1.Calibrations (learning to use the Rubrics)
– Read an example submission and use the grading rubric to answer
Yes/No questions and count the fraction of Yeses to assign a score.
Evaluate the three example submissions (get only one free try to
pass the grading rubric)
– You will have practiced these in eCampus for the first assignment
2.Reviews (Evaluate three other submitted submissions)
– Ignore that it says you have only 5 minutes for this. I have set it so
you can start the reviews right after you finish your calibrations
3.Self-Assessment (Evaluate your own submission)
Note:
YouBlack
get a separate scoreIntroduction
for each of the 4 parts (text,
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calibrations, Reviews and Topic
Self-Assessment)
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Help Available for Stage I
• Now that you have practiced with the Boot Camp, you
can revise your questions
• If you want, you can submit a draft for feedback
from the TA
– Submit on eCampus in “Rough Drafts (Optional)”
• We also recommend going to the Writing Center
– This is especially true for when we get to the
papers
• Most common problems:
– Not reading the instructions
– Not using HTML formatting (do a Preview before
submitting)
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Help Available for Stage II
• Stage II help:
– Each calibration is graded 0 or 100%.
– You only get 2 tries for each of the 3 calibrations
– Many students have trouble with the calibrations
because they do them RIGHT before they are due,
and do them too quickly (and then fail them)
• Our advice:
– Do them early and ask for help if you fail one the
first time
– Practice in eCampus quizzes to help you get good at
them
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Unit 1 and Later Units
PLRQ Unit 1 in CPR is different than the others since we want to make
sure you get good at CPR
• It is Pass/Revise
• You must pass ALL four parts separately, just a 70% overall score is
NOT good enough. You will need:
– >70% on the overall score
– >35/50 on the text portion of your paper
– >14/20 on the calibration portion
– >14/20 on the reviews
– >7/10 on the self-assessment
– Have done the proper HTML formatting in your submission
• I’ll post the grades in eCampus
• If you don’t pass the first time, you will have to do a Revision
Assignment (all the parts) until you pass
• Later units are just your combined score for all parts
– You can do a revision if you want to get a better grade
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– WeBlack
will average the two scores
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PLRQ For Unit 1/CPR
• We will assign PLRQ for Unit 1
in CPR at the end of the 3rd
class
• Nothing to do now
• You CAN’T do your account
stuff until we load the class
into CPR
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Prep For Next Time – L3
• Reading: (Was due already)
– Required: BBBHNM Unit 1 (Chapter 1-4)
– Recommended Reading:
• BHOT: Chap. 1-3
• SHU: Chap. 1-2
• TOE: Chap. 1
• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions
– All 5 Boot Camp quizzes (were due already)
– 4 written questions following the instructions (were due
already). Don’t need to turn them in yet
• Will talk about how to turn them in later
– CPR Stuff: Not yet assigned. Not open for Registration
• End of Chapter Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 3 then end-of-chapter quiz 3 (else just
EOC 2)
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Topic 3: Going Small
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Prep For Next Time – L4
• Reading:
– No new reading
– Unit 2 reading assigned next time, but likely due
Feb 9th
• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions
– Stage 2 in CPR for Unit 1 due Wednesday before
class
– Stage 1 in CPR for Unit 1 Revision will be
assigned after grades are posted (will happen
after next class)
– Stage 1 for Unit 2 will be assigned Next class,
probably due Feb 9th
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 3 then End-of-Chapter
Quiz 3 (else just Chapter
2)
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Prep For Next Time – L5
• Reading:
– Unit 2
• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions
– Stage 1 for Unit 2 due before Class
– Stage 1 in CPR for Unit 1 Revision
will be assigned after grades are
posted
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 3 then Endof-Chapter Quiz 3 (else just
Chapter 2) Introduction
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Prep For Next Time – L3
• Reading:
–BBBHNM: Chap 3 and 4
• Reading Questions:
– Two questions from Chapter 3 or the
recommended reading
– Two questions from Chapter 4 or the
recommended reading
• eLearning Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 3 then endof-chapter quiz
3 (else just 2)
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Prep For Next Time – L4
• Reading:
–BBBHNM: Chap 4
• Reading Questions:
– Two questions from Chapters 4
if you didn’t complete already
• eLearning End-of-Chapter Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 3 then
end-of-chapter quiz 3 (else just
2)
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Prep for Today (Is now due) – L4
• Reading:
– Required: BBBHNM: Chapter 4
• eLearning End-of-Chapter Quizzes:
– End-of-Chapter Quizzes for
Chapter 2
• Reading questions:
– Two questions for Chapter 3 and
two questions for Chapter 4
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Prep For Today (is now due) – L4
• Reading:
– Required: BBBHNM: Chapter 1-4
– Recommended Reading:
• BHOT: Chap. 1-3
• SHU: Chap. 1-2
• TOE: Chap. 1
• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions
– Three questions from Unit 1
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes
– Chapter 2
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Big Bang, Black
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Introduction
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Other Fundamental Particles?
• Electrons and quarks
(as far as we know)
are fundamental
• Lots of other
fundamental particles
• There is also antimatter
– Each fundamental
particle has an antimatter version which
is fundamental
Big Bang, Black
Holes, No Math
Introduction
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Prep For Next Time – L4
•Reading:
–BBBHNM: Chap 5
•Pre-Lecture Reading Questions:
–Two questions from Chapter 5
•End-of-Chapter Quizzes
–If we finished Chapter 3,
then do 3 (if not, just 2)
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Prep For Next Time – L4
• Reading:
– Required: BBBHNM Unit 2 (Chapters 5-9), will
be due Monday
– Recommended Reading:
• See P3 of
http://people.physics.tamu.edu/toback/109/Syllabus.pdf
• Pre-Lecture Reading Questions
– Unit 1: Stage 1 Revision (if needed), due
Monday. Pass/Revise grades posted on CPR later
this week
• Will post the assignment after class
– Unit 2: Stage 1 due Monday
• End-of-Chapter Quizzes
– If we finished Chapter 3 then End-of-Chapter
2)
Introduction
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