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Pageant Review 9-12
Results of the U.S. Revolution
• Political & Social Changes:
– Political
• More evolution than revolution
– Social changes
• Slavery kept to keep national unity
• Paved the way for new Patriot elites to
emerge
– Cleared the field for more equalitarian ideas
– Weakened aristocratic upper crust in America
Loyalists
• 80,000 remaining
• Provided a Conservative element
Quakers
• Established an anti-slavery society in 1775
Articles of Confederation
Ratified by all states in 1781 as a loose form of gov’t that
dealt w/ common problems
No executive branch, judicial branch left to states, and
Congress was the chief agency of gov’t
9 states required to ratify all bills of importance and 13
required for amendments
Congress was not in control of the commerce and
couldn’t enforce tax collection
Congress could advise, advocate, and appeal but
couldn’t command, coerce, or control
Stepping stone towards Constitution
Northwest Ordinance of
1787
• Land north of the Ohio River and east
of the Mississippi River would be
settled and become a part of the U.S.
• This includes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, and Wisconsin
• Prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest
Foreign Issues during the Articles
Years
• GB- refused to send minister, kept
navigation acts in place, shut the U.S. out
of West Indies
• Spanish- controlled New Orleans
• French- demanded repayment of loans,
restricted trade with West Indies
• Dey of Algiers- enslaved U.S. sailors in
Mediterranean
Shays’s Rebellion
• farmers in Mass. rebelling against high taxes
and crushing debts
• Sent to debtors’ prison if they couldn’t repay
taxes
• Wanted paper currency to help pay for debts
• Rebellion was crushed by Washington’s militia
• Daniel Shays was a revolutionary veteran and
poor farmer in Massachusetts who led the
rebellion
• Convinced many Americans of need for strong
central government
The Great Compromise
• A.K.A. “The Connecticut Compromise” &
“Sherman’s Compromise”
• Decided at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787
• Decided between the large and small states for
the Constitution
• Called for a bicameral legislature
• Combined Virginia Plan (large states) and New
Jersey Plan (small states) for congressional
representation
Delegates at the Constitutional
Convention
• 55 delegates met to revise the
Articles of Confederation, not many
wanted to start a completely new
government
• Most members considered
themselves Nationalists
• Took four months
Strong Executive
• Ability to veto legislation
• Selected by Electoral College
• Inspired by handling of Shay’s Rebellion
The Federalist Papers
• Created by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay
• Argued that the central gov’t could
maintain peace and prevent disorder
• Advocated the ratification of the
Constitution
• Republican form of gov’t would work over
large territory
Slavery
• Remained through the 2nd Continental
Congress and Constitution
• Viewed as necessary to keep nation
together
Citizens Voting Compact
• Citizens were able to vote for the
members for the House of
Representatives ONLY
• President- Electoral College
• Senate- appointed
• Supreme Court- appointed
Ratification
• Delaware- first state
• Pennsylvania- first big state
• Massachusetts- 2nd large state, only after
assurance of Bill of Rights
Ratification of the Constitution
• Occurred from 1787-1791 by state
ratification
• Delaware the first on December 7,
1787
• Put into effect by New Hampshire’s 9th
vote on June 21, 1788
• Bill of rights had to be added in order
for North Carolina and Rhode Island to
join
International disputes with Great
Britain and France
• British were still holding northern
frontier posts in defiance of the peace
treaty of 1783
• Jay’s Treaty with GB infuriated many
Americans
• Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
• X,Y,Z affair
• Fighting at sea and in the West Indies
Federalist Viewpoints
• Want a strong central government
• Believe the government should resist
the passions of the general public
• Tended to place their faith in a small
governing elite
• Supported the British due to strong
trade ties
Jeffersonian Republican
Viewpoints
• Support of a federal government with
limited powers
• Strict interpretation of the constitution
• State and local governments should
safe guard the rights and property of
citizens
• All men should have the right to be
informed and have a say in the on
goings of the government
Bill of Rights
• Madison- initially against– Ineffective against republican gov’t- people
are gov’t
– Any explicit statement could be used against
people
Eventually writes B of R- fears others will create
one that will weaken the Constitution
Washington
• VP- John Adams
• Relied on James Madison as a key
adviser
• Created Departments of Treasury, State
and War
Jay’s Treaty
• Agreed that Britain would:
– evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil
– pay damages for the recent seizures of
American ships
• Agreed that the U.S. would:
– Pay debts to British merchants on preRevolutionary accounts
Adams’ Standpoint Concerning War
With France
• War would bring praise to the Federalist
party
• Thought it would grant him a second term
as President
• However…
– Knew he had to avoid war because the U.S.
was very weak
Sedition Act
• Created by the Federalist
• People were restricted to speak out
against the government officials, including
the president, threatened First Amendment
freedoms
• Federalist believed it was justified
• Supposed to expire in 1801
National Bank
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Hamilton: proposed a bank
Supported by Washington and Federalists
Modeled Bank of England
Government was a major stockholder
Thought federal funds would stimulate
business
• Would print paper money
• Jefferson: against the bank
French Revolution
• Resulted in two political camps:
– Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
– Hamiltonian Federalists
• French Revolution involved dispute over
religion
• Reign of Terror:
– Federalists  approved the early Revolution
– Jeffersonians  regretted the bloodshed
In the end, U.S. stays neutral
Hamilton’s Viewpoints
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Wanted a strong federal government
Faith in business and merchants
Against the mob rule
Loose interpretation of the Constitution
Four Pillars- Redemption, Assumption,
National Bank and Tariff
• National debt is good
– Created unity
Whiskey Rebellion
• Western Pa. Farmers were using extra
grain to make whiskey- didn’t want to pay
excise tax
• Washington led federal troops
• Showed power of federal gov’t and
President
Washington’s Farewell Address
• Decided to retire after he was tired of
diplomatic and partisan battles
• Established two term precedent for
American presidents
• Warned against dangers of permanent
foreign alliances
• Farewell address was printed in
newspapers
John Adams
• Believed President would stand above
other branches
• Inherited GW’s cabinet
• Beginning of strong party politics
XYZ Affair
• French foreign minister Talleyrand
demanded– $250,000 bribe and loan of several million,
just to talk
Lead to undeclared naval warfare
Treaties of 1778 were repudiated
Alien and Sedition Acts
• Attempts by Federalists to maintain power
• Sedition Act- illegal to criticize government
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• Written by Jefferson
• Attempt to thwart Alien and Sedition Acts
• Presents idea of “nullification”- states
could deem what laws are Constitutional
Jefferson’s Inconsistencies
• Strict construction of Constitution in the
case of the National Bank
• Embargo Act
• Originally against war, reduced military a
dramatic amount
• Fight against Barbary Pirates
• Felt guilty about Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson’s Foreign Policy
• Sent a naval squadron to the
Mediterranean
• Embargo Act
• Non-Intercourse Act
• Instead of using military, the Americans
would negotiate with “peaceful coercion”
• No big navy
Revolution of 1800
• Jefferson won by majority of 73 to 65
Electoral votes over Adams
• Burr turned New York to Jefferson by a
narrow margin
• Burr and Jefferson had same amount of
Electoral votes, tie eventually broken when
a few Federalists refrained from voting for
Burr
• Marked the peaceful transfer of power from
one party to another
Impeachment of Chase
• Chase was an arrogant Supreme Court
Justice disliked by Republicans
• House of Representatives based
impeachment on “high crimes” and
“misdemeanors” as specified in
Constitutional
• Not enough votes to remove Chase
• Since this, no other impeachments made
to reshape Supreme Court
Marbury v. Madison 1803
• Established the concept Judicial review in
the U.S.
• (The idea that the Supreme Court had the
last word about constitutionality)
• Helped define the “checks and balances”
of the American form of Government
Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson concerned it was
unconstitutional
• Opposed by New Englanders
• Sold from Spain to France to U.S.
Lewis and Clark Expedition: 18041806
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Assisted by Sacagawea
• First U.S. expedition to the Pacific Coast
• Goal: get an idea of the Louisiana
Purchase
• Travelled up the Missouri River from St.
Louis to the Pacific Coast
• Provided knowledge of terrain, Indians and
Scientific interest
Embargo Act
• Response to French and British seizing of
American shipping
• Angered New England
Reasons For War of 1812
• Restore confidence in republican
experiment
• Madison believed war with Great Britain to
be inevitable
• Supported mainly by the West and South
War Hawks
• Young democratic-republicans who
advocated war
• Many from South and West- wanted more
territory
• Wanted war with Britain because of Royal
Navy’s interference with shipping
• Wanted to wipe out Indian resistance
• Inspired by the American Revolution,
wanted their own stories to tell instead of
hearing their elders
Canada in War of 1812
• U.S strategy was poorly conceived
• British forces were weakest there
• Madison tried to invade Canada with 5,000
men
• Instead of one large attack on Montreal,
they launched a three pronged invasion
• They ended up losing right away
Tippecanoe
• Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
• Wanted to bring tribes east of the
Mississippi and go back to old Indian ways
• Tecumseh urged supporters to never cede
land to whites unless everyone agreed.
• Harrison made a national hero and this
drove Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa into an
alliance with the British
• Ended the dream of an Indian
Confederacy
Hartford Convention
• Federalists upset with handling of foreign
affairs
• Wanted– Repeal of 3/5ths compromise
– Limits on embargo
– 2/3 vote of Declaration of War and admittance
of new states
– Only 1 term Presidents
– No two consecutive Presidents from same
state
John Marshall
• Appointed Chief Justice by Adams
• Asserted judicial review of congressional
legislation
• MuCulloch v. Maryland, gave the doctrine of
loose construction its most famous formulation.
• Cohens v. Virginia asserted the right for the
Supreme Court to review the decisions of the
state courts in all questions involving federal
power.
• In Gibbons v. Ogden he ruled that the
Constitution conferred on Congress alone the
control for the interstate commerce.
Continued
• In Fletcher v. Peck he said that a contract
was a contract and that the Constitution
forbids state laws impairing contracts that
deal with land.
• In Dartmouth College v. Woodward he said
that the Constitution protected the
contracts against state encroachments
and this benefitted business enterprises
from domination by states governments.
Andrew Jackson
• 1818 went across Florida
• Hanged 2 Indian Chiefs without proper
ceremony
• Executed two British subjects for assisting
Indians.
• Helped the U.S. gain Florida
Post-war Nationalism
• In 1814, the British attempted to menace
the entire Mississippi valley.
• The British messed up and a great victory
was gained for the U.S.
• After word of the victory, America had a
wave of nationalism and self confidence.
• The Bank of the US was revived and a
national capital (Washington DC)
emerged.
Continued
• The army expanded and navy grew
stronger
• Nationalism also manifested itself in
manufacturing - it eventually led to the
development of a home market.
• Nationalism continued throughout the era
of good feelings when Monroe took a tour
in early 1817 to inspect military defenses.
James Monroe
• Third straight president from Virginia
• National tour- “Era of Good Feelings”
American System- Henry Clay
• 1. Protective Tariff
• 2. Strong Banking- easy credit
• 3. Road and Canal Improvements
Missouri Compromise
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1820- authored by Henry Clay
Maine- free
Missouri- slave
No area north of 36 30 will have slaves
Another example of Congress limiting
slavery
Western Land Boom
• People who were distressed because of
the embargo wanted to move west
• Crushing of the Indians made the west
available for people
• Building of highways improved land roots
to the Ohio River Valley
• Speculators accepted small down
payments
Russo-American Treaty
• 1824
• Fixed the southern most limits at the line of
54°40’
• Tsar retreated
• Part of the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine
• 2 basic features- non colonization & non
intervention towards the European powers
• Simple personalized statement of the
policy of president Monroe
• Showed U.S. trend towards isolationism
• NEVER A LAW
• European powers we angered by it, but
basically ignored it
Peace conference at Ghent
• Signed on Christmas eve in 1814
• British had suffered reverses in upper
NY and a loss at Baltimore
• British were tired of war and nervous
of the French
• 5 American peace makers went to
the Belgium city of Ghent and agreed
to stop fighting