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Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism • 1890s – Russia entered the industrial age • Tsar Alexander III(1881 – 1894) and Nicholas II(1894 – 1917) – They were determined to make Russia an industrial power – This was the only way for Russia to maintain its position as a great power • Count Sergei Witte was appointed finance minister in 1892 – Implemented protective tariffs, high taxes, the gold standard, and efficiency in government and business – Established strong financial relationship with the French money market – this enabled Russia to finance its modernization (French loans) – Increase in railroads, steel production, textiles, and pig iron (what is pig iron?) • Witte did little to improve the living and working conditions of the industrial proletariat • Peasant farmers had to work on farms owned by other more prosperous peasant farmers, known as kulaks • Because of the immense poverty and discontent, numerous political organizations formed – Social Revolution Party 1901 – Constitutional Democratic Party 1903 • Enter Lenin: – – – – Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870 – 1924 Marxist St. Petersburg law student Essential Concept: “He substituted the small, professional, nondemocratic revolutionary party for Marx’s proletariat as the instrument of revolutionary change.” • Lenin created factions within the London Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1903 – Lenin’s faction? Bolsheviks “Majority” – All the rest? Mensheviks “Minority” • Professional Revolutionaries – Read page 789 answer questions