Download "Jim Crow" 1832 Plessy v. Fergusson An 1896 Supreme

THE NEW SOUTH
THE JIM CROW SOUTH
African Americans in the South
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Southern Blacks made political gains during
Reconstruction but these gains were rolled back after
the Compromise of 1877 and the End of
Reconstruction
Poll taxes & literacy tests (with grandfather clauses
attached) greatly limited African American civil
rights and the right to vote in the South.
Northern segregation was generally de facto, with
patterns of segregation in housing enforced by
covenants, bank lending practices, and job
discrimination, including discriminatory union
practices for decades.
Jim Crow Laws
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In the South, de Jure Segregation –
Segregation by force of law.
Laws were enacted between 1876
and 1965, legally enforcing
Segregation in the South.
Public places; private businesses,
schools , etc…
These Jim Crow Laws followed the
same pattern/beliefs as the1800–
1866 Black Codes, which had
previously (before the Civil Rights
Act of 1866) restricted the
movement and civil liberties of
African Americans with no pretense Thomas Dartmouth
"Jim Crow" 1832
of equality.
Rice as
Plessy v. Fergusson
An 1896 Supreme Court case upholding segregation
laws as constitutional as long as services and
facilities were separate, but equal…will not be
overturned until 1954’s Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court Case.
Which Amendment had language that would have made
such laws possible?
Lynching
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Black people were kept
from demanding their
rights by the threat of
lynching.
Lynching was an illegal
vigilante mob attack in
which a black person was
hung for a perceived
(often untrue – often
“rape”) offense.
Sometimes for just being
too “uppity”. Lynch mobs
were rarely, if ever,
prosecuted.
Ida B. Wells:
newspaper woman
and crusader
against lynching
The Question Becomes: How to Respond
to Segregation and Unrecognized Civil
Rights and Lack of Personal Safety?
Three Very Different
Approaches…
 Booker T. Washington
 WEB Dubois
 Marcus Garvey
Washington vs. Dubois
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON (1856-1915):
(Atlanta “Compromise”)
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Founder and President of Tuskegee Institute
Basic belief: Black people need to economically
prove themselves (mostly in trade skills) and
make themselves necessary before seeking equal
civil rights – patiently work within the segregated
system.
Reached an Agreement with southern white
leaders at the Cotton States and International
Exposition (Atlanta, 1895): “Southern blacks would
work meekly and submit to white political rule, while
Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive
basic education and due process in law” - was not
received favorably by others, such as…
Washington vs. Dubois
W.E.B. DUBOIS (1868-1963):
(The Talented Tenth)
Basic Belief: Black people need to fight for their
Constitutional civil rights RIGHT NOW, or become
permanent victims of segregation.
He “insisted on full civil rights and increased political
representation, which he believed would be
brought about by the African-American intellectual
elite. He referred to this group as the Talented
Tenth and believed that African Americans needed
the chances for advanced education to develop its
leadership.”
An Alternative Solution
Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)
(Declaration of the Rights of the Negro)
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Brought the Universal Negro Improvement
Association from his native Jamaica to the
US in 1916.
He established the organization in Harlem,
promoting racial pride, black separatism,
universal black nationalism,
black economic self-sufficiency, and
a back-to-Africa movement.
Basic belief…Create a separate African
Nation for all Black peoples of the world
Niagara Movement
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Dubois’ ideas struck a nerve with many educated
black (and white) people, who formed the Niagara
Movement, denouncing the idea of gradual progress.
The Niagara Movement eventually became the
NAACP, after it was joined by white reformers
following a 1908 Springfield, Illinois riot.
WEB
Dubois
Founding
members of the
Niagara
Movement
1907 Annual Meeting, Boston
NAACP
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Used the courts to fight discriminatory
laws
In the early years, the NAACP fought
for equal access to decent housing and
professional careers
While The NAACP concentrated on
middle-class political and social
justice, the Urban League focused on
the growing numbers of poor black
urban workers
How much progress did these Early Civil
Rights Activists and Movements make?
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African Americans did not make much actual
progress in their rights during the time period
1900-1920.
The Jim Crow Laws and the high rate of lynching
in the South were major factors in the Great
Migration during the first half of the 20th century.
Eventually, 6 million African Americans moved out
of the rural south to northern, western and midwestern cities to seek better lives, becoming an
urbanized population, but it will take a century and
a Civil Rights movement to make real change.
Aside from Jim Crow, what else was
happening in The New South ?
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“New South”  Term coined by Atlanta newspaper editor to describe the
Post-War/Post Reconstruction South; the idea that the “the South will rise
again” in a new and improved form
New Railroads  From 1881-1890, 180 new rail companies began
operations and southern rails expanded by 135%, networking the South
within and throughout the Nation
New Industries  Textile mills, using southern cotton flourished; the
tobacco industry expanded with the introduction of cigarette
manufacturing companies, like RJR; new industries, such as limestone,
phosphate, coal, iron mining and steel were also established throughout
the South
New Cities  by 1900, eight Southern Cities boasted populations over
50,000
New Schools New Post-Confederate Southern State Constitutions all
included public education requirements; Public Universities and trade
schools also founded; By 1900 200+ colleges and universities in the
south (though, mostly for whites)