Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
MODULE 4: INCREDIBLE NERVOUS SYSTEM GENES & EVOLUTION (GENETIC INSTRUCTION) Fertilization: sperm (23) + egg (23) = zygote (46) Chromosomes: contain DNA, every human cells has 23 pairs Chemical Alphabet: DNA strand resembles a ladder with 300,000 pgs. of instructions GENES & EVOLUTION (GENETIC INSTRUCTION) Genes & Proteins: Genes- segment of DNA w/instructions eye color, ear lobes, obesity 30,000 human genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes Genome: blue print on how we develop gene therapy to treat problems A. GENES & EVOLUTION (GENETIC INSTRUCTION) Evolution of the Human Brain: Origins of Species (1859) Charles Darwin - theory of evolution - humans and chimps share at least 98.5% of their DNA (a) Lucy's Brain (500 grams) - lived on leaves and fruit - did not make tools - no language, or fire - died out 1 million years ago - then came "Homo" A. GENES & EVOLUTION (GENETIC INSTRUCTION) Homo Erectus Brain (1,000 grams) - added meat to their diets - stone tools & language developed - thick skeleton for walking upright Homo "Sapiens"- means 'wise' - 400,000 years ago - 1,350 gram brain - growing crops, social communities, language - why?- strong survive/environment - genetic mutations AUSTRALOPITHICUS AFARENSIS HOMO ERECTUS HOMO SAPIEN STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN Previously we had to study post-mortem now we can see inside the human skull MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging passes non-harmful radio frequencies through the brain incredibly detailed images study the structure of the brain A. STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN FMRI: Functional Mag. Res. Imag. stands for functional measures activity of specific neuron during cognitive tasks thinking, listening, reading PET Scan: Positron Emission Tomography inject radioactive glucose into the blood measure amount absorbed by different sections during activity very active brain cells absorb more solution than less active cells A. STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN CAT:Computerized Axial Tomography Scan uses x-rays to create 3 dimensional images can detect brain damage and highlight cerebral blood flow CAT SCAN A. STUDYING THE LIVING BRAIN MEG: Magnetoencephalography machine parts kept at 269o C weight 8 tons a couple exist in the world C. DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN: Forebrain largest part of the brain (left/right) responsible for... learning memory speaking and language emotional response sensations initiating voluntary movements planning and decision making MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN Midbrain visual and auditory reflexes reticular formation alerts and arouses the forebrain to process incoming information from the senses MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN Hindbrain 3 distinct structures Pons Medulla Cerebellum Pons makes chemicals involved in sleep. Transfers messages from spinal cord to brain. Medulla controls vital reflexes respiration heart rate blood pressure. Cerebellum coordinating movements timed motor responses, sports and games drugs & alcohol slows down this section HINDBRAIN CONTROL CENTER: 4 LOBES Overall View of the Cortex Cortex- in Latin means "cover" 4 lobes- cortex divided into 4 areas CONTROL CENTER: 4 LOBES Frontal personality emotions motor behaviors Parietal Occipital perception sensory experiences Processing visual info Temporal hearing & speaking FRONTAL LOBE (EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS) Functions: voluntary motor movements interpreting & performing emotional behaviors behaving normally in social situations maintaining a healthy personality paying attention to things in the environment making decisions executive planning, reasoning, carrying out behavior FRONTAL LOBE (EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS) Motor Cortex- narrow strip of cortex on the back of the frontal lobe involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements Movements: Mouth vocalization, swallowing, mastication lips, face, eyelids, eyeballs, brow fingers hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder, trunk, hip, knee, ankle, toes left hemisphere (cortex) controls right side of the body involved w/memory for the order of events across time PARIETAL LOBE Functions: processing sensory information from body parts carrying out several cognitive functions attending to & perceiving objects Somatosensory cortex Front edge of parietal process info about touch location of limbs pain temperature TEMPORAL LOBE FUNCTIONS Primary Auditory Cortex Receives electrical signals & transforms them into sounds vowels & consonants The temporal lobe is involved in: Hearing speaking coherently understanding verbal & written material TEMPORAL LOBE FUNCTIONS Auditory Association Area Transforms basic sensory information, such as noise or sounds, into recognizable auditory information, such as words or music Sent from PAC to AAA Broca's Area (Aphasia) (Frontal Lobe) necessary for combining words & sounds & arranging them into manful sentences Wernicke's Area (Temporal Lobe) difficulty in understanding the spoken or written word/ difficulty making sentences if damaged OCCIPITAL LOBE Processing visual info seeing colors recognizing objects animals people Primary Visual Cortex located at the very back of the occipital lobe receives electrical signals from receptors in the eyes transforms these signals into meaningless basic visual sensations seeing colors lights, lines, shadows, & textures OCCIPITAL LOBE Visual Association Area Transforms colors, lights, lines, shadow into people, objects, or animals Visual Agnosia Have difficulty combining separate parts to make a whole Neglect Syndrome Patient's inability to see objects or parts of the body on the side opposite the brain damage (shave one side, dress one side) LIMBIC SYSTEM: OLD BRAIN Group of interconnected structures that make up the core of the forebrain Motivational behavior Obtaining Food Drink Sex Fear, anger, aggression Storing memories 1. Hypothalamus- motivation & emotion Eating, drinking, sex Fight or flight Hormones at puberty LIMBIC SYSTEM: OLD BRAIN LIMBIC SYSTEM: OLD BRAIN Amygdala Forming , recognizing, and remembering emotional situations (fear) Emotional facial expressions Thalamus Reading and Dyslexia Receiving sensory information Initial processing and relaying information to the cortex Hippocampus Permanent storage of memories Remembering facts, places, faces, or conversations ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Numerous glands that are located throughout the body and secrete various hormones. Which affect organs, muscles, and other glands in the body. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hypothalamus 1. Controls much of the endocrine system by regulating the pituitary gland which is located directly below and outside the brain The hypothalamus is often called the control center of the endocrine system Posterior Pituitary 2. Regulates water and salt balance Dysfunction- diabetes Anterior Pituitary 3. The front part of the pituitary regulates growth through secretion of growth hormone and Produces hormones that control the adrenal cortex: pancreas, thyroid, and gonads. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas 4. This organ regulates the level of sugar in the bloodstream by secreting insulin Dysfunction: diabetes or hypoglycemia Thyroid 5. this gland, which is located in the neck, regulates metabolism through secretion of hormones ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Gland 6. Secretes hormones that regulate sugar and salt balances and help the body resist stress (coping) They are also responsible for the growth of pubic hair, a secondary sexual characteristic The adrenal medulla (inside part) secretes two hormones that arouse the body to deal with stress and emergencies: Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline). 7. Gonads: Puberty and sexual development In females, the ovaries produce hormones that regulate sexual development, ovulation, and growth of sex organs. In males, the testes produce hormones that regulate sexual development, production of sperm, and growth of sex organs. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sympathetic Nervous System Triggered by threatening or challenging physical stimuli Increases the bodies physiological arousal. Fight or flight response Helps the body cope with threatening situations Parasympathetic Division Decreases physiological arousal and help return the body to a calmer more relaxed state Stimulates digestion Homeostasis Keeping the body’s level of arousal in balance for optimal functioning AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM