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Reproductive
Anatomy
Sex Intro
Rules
R-E-S-P-E-C-T!!!!!!!!!!!!!
No question is a dumb one.
State your opinion with confidence.
Say anything – Using “What ifs……”
Some uncomfortable / some experienced.
Keep it in the room.
Limit side conversations/comments (Beliefs of
others, personal experiences, etc.)
 Allow others to finish what they have to say.
 Most important: Agree to Disagree.
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Male Plumbing
A
Male Vocabulary
External Genitalia
 Penis- is the male organ of sexual pleasure,
reproduction, and urination.
 Glans Penis- Sensitive tissue on the head of the
penis; sexual stimulation. At birth the foreskin
covers the glans penis which is sometimes
removed in a procedure called circumcision.
 Scrotum- is a sac-like pouch in the groin that has
two basic functions: to hold the testes and to
regulate the temperature of the testes.
 Testes- are two male reproductive glands inside
the scrotum that secrete the male hormone
testosterone and produce sperm.
Epididymis
Scrotum
Male Vocabulary
Internal Genitalia
 Seminiferous Tubules- are a coiled network of
tubes that fill the sections in each testis.
 Epididymis- is a comma-shaped structure found
on the back and upper surface of each testis.
Removes sperm from testes and stores them.
 Vas Deferens- are two long, thin cords that
extend from the epididymis in the scrotum, up
through the inguinal canal. Carries sperm from
epididymis to urethra.
 Urethra- Passageway for urine and semen which
extends from the bass of the bladder.
Male Vocabulary
Internal Genitalia-cont.
 Seminal Vesicles- are two small glands (sit
behind bladder) at the ends of each vas deferens
that secrete a fluid rich in fructose, a sugar nutrient
that is a source of energy for sperm. Fluid is part
of semen.
 Prostate Gland- is a gland that produces an
alkaline fluid (part of semen) that aids sperm
longevity.
 Cowper’s Glands (Bulbourethral)- are two small
pea-sized glands located on each side of the
urethra and secrete a lubrication fluid. Preejaculate. Lubricates urethra & neutralizes any
urine in urethra. Can contain sperm.
How does it all work?
 The male reproductive system begins in the
testicles (testes)- production of testosterone
 Testosterone is responsible for the
development of male secondary sex
characteristics, such as body hair, muscle
development, and voice change.
 The testes also produce sperm, the male
reproductive cell.
How does it all work? cont.
 Sperm have a head, tail, and flagella, so
they can swim.
 An acrosome at the
head tip produces
enzymes that help
penetrate the female
ovum (egg).
How does it all work? cont.
 The testes need a lower body temperature than
98.6 F in order for sperm to survive.
 As the sperm mature, they leave the testes and
pass through the epididymis on their way to the
seminal vesicles.
 The Vas Deferens carry the sperm away from the
epididymis toward the seminal vesicles.
 The sperm are then stored and receive nutrition in
the Seminal Vesicles.
How does it all work? cont.
 The Seminal Vesicles also produce a thick, white
fluid, which makes up part of semen This fluid
protects the sperm and helps it to move along.
 When stimulated, the normally limp penis
becomes filled with blood. Called an erection.
 During an erection, the muscles of the penis
contract, causing the seminal vesicles to release
semen. Which contains millions of sperm.
How does it all work? cont.
 The semen passes through the prostate
gland.
 The Prostate Gland is also producing fluid
that is added to the semen that will aid in the
passage and protection of the sperm.
 The semen then travels through the urethra
and out of the penis.
How does it all work? cont.
 The release of semen is called ejaculation.
 Since the penis also functions as a passageway
for urine, the neck of the bladder is blocked off so
that urine does not pass during ejaculation.
 If ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse,
and a sperm meets a mature ovum, fertilization
occurs, resulting in pregnancy.
Millions of sperm are released during
ejaculation, but it only takes one to
fertilize an egg.
Human Sperm (SEM x5,785). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel
Female Plumbing
Female Vocabulary
External Genitalia
 Mons Pubis- Soft area of protective tissue making
up the upper part of the external genitalia.
Covered with pubic hair.
 Vulva- External genitalia which includes the labia
and clitoris.
 Libia- The lips of the genitalia
– Majora- the larger, outer lips which protect the
vagina.
– Minora- the inner, smaller lips which also
protect the vagina.
Female
External Genitalia
Female Vocabulary
External Genitalia
 Clitoris- Pea sized organ, located at the top
of the vulva. Made up of erectile tissue, like
the penis; source of sexual excitement.
 Urethral Opening- Located just below the
clitoris and above vaginal opening. Where
urine passes from bladder.
 Vaginal Opening- Opening to vagina
Female Vocabulary
Internal Genitalia
 Vagina- AKA the birth canal, it is a
muscular, flexible tube, about 3-4 in. long,
extending from the uterus to outside of
body.
 Cervix- Where the vagina meets the uterus.
 Uterus- AKA the womb. Is a hollow,
muscular organ shaped like a pear.
Expands during pregnancy.
Female
Internal Genitalia
Female Vocabulary
Internal Genitalia
 Fallopian Tubes- The passageway the egg travels
after it is released from the ovary. About 4 in. wide
and the width of a needle.
 Ovaries- Two glands, each about the size of an
almond, located on each side of the uterus and
next to the fallopian tubes. Contains thousands of
eggs (which a woman is born with).
 Ovum- The female egg (plural=ova). Produced
and stored in ovaries. One egg is released each
month during childbearing years.
Hormones
 Female and Male sex hormones are
regulated in the pituitary gland (a gland
attached to and controlled by the
hypothalamus in the brain).
 The two major hormones produced in the
pituitary gland in females are
– FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
– LH: Luteinizing Hormone
Hormones
 These hormones are released into the
bloodstream where they eventually reach the
ovaries.
 Their job is to stimulate the growth and maturation
of the ova.
 The Ovaries produce the hormones
– Estrogen- controls secondary sex characteristics, plays
major role in menstruation and pregnancy.
– Progesterone- causes the lining of the uterus to thicken
in preparation for the fertilized egg.
The Menstrual Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
 The menstrual cycle is a process which
prepares the uterus for a possible
pregnancy.
 Lasts approximately 28-32 days, can vary
widely
 Begins during puberty, between 11-15
 Cycle is divided into four phases
The Menstrual Cycle
Phase 1-Menstruation
 The cycle begins with the onset of menstruation (period).
 If the uterus doesn’t receive a fertilized ovum at the right
time of the cycle, the ovaries stop producing progesterone.
 When progesterone levels drop, it signals the ovaries that
there is no fertilized egg, the uterus stops building up its
lining, and sheds what has already been accumulated.
 At the same time, the brain has been stimulated (due to
lack of estrogen and progesterone) to produce FSH and
LH, starting the process all over again.
 Phase 1 last 1-4 days (sometimes longer)
The Menstrual Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
Phase 2-Post Menstruation
 The Pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) reach
the ovaries, stimulating the maturation and
growth of another ovum.
 Phase 2 lasts about two days
The Menstrual Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
Phase 3- Ovulation
 Estrogen and progesterone increase, and
the mature egg is released into the fallopian
tubes.
 The ovum is preparing to receive a sperm
 The uterus is preparing to receive a fertilized
egg by building up its lining.
 Phase 3 lasts about 7 days
 The most fertile time (highest chance of
pregnancy) = ~5 days before ovulation
until 1–2 days after ovulation.
The Menstrual Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
Phase 4-Premenstruation
 Uterus lining continues to thicken and eventually
becomes fully prepared for receiving a fertilized
egg.
 Phase 4 lasts approximately 14 days.
 If egg is not fertilized, phase 1 (menstruation)
begins again.
 If egg is fertilized, estrogen and progesterone
continue to be produced throughout the
pregnancy, keeping the uterine lining thick and a
rich source of nutrients for the fetus.
The Menstrual Cycle
 Remember- The length of the menstrual
cycle varies tremendously (17-35 days)
 It is very difficult for a female to determine
exactly when she will most likely become
pregnant.
 This is even more difficult in young women,
because their cycles are often very irregular.