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Environmental Systems
Oxygen Systems
• What are three basic
configurations of oxygen
systems?
Oxygen Systems
• What are three basic
configurations of oxygen
systems?
–Continuous-flow
–Diluter-demand
–Pressure-demand
Continuous-flow
• Name three types of
Continuous-flow oxygen
systems?
Continuous-flow
• Constant flow
• Adjustable-flow
• Altitude-compensated
Oxygen Systems
• What is the most popular
system in modern aircraft?
• Altitude-compensated
Oxygen Masks
• Name three types of oxygen
masks?
Oxygen Masks
• Name three types of oxygen
masks?
–Oronasal rebreather
–Cannula oxygen breathing device
–Quick-donning
Oxygen Systems
• With an altitude-compensated
regulator and an oronasal
rebreather, when will the bag
fully inflate?
• Why?
Oxygen Systems
• High Altitudes
• Decreased atmospheric pressure
and increased oxygen flow rate
Oxygen Systems
• In a continuous-flow system
when the mask connector
contains a flow restrictor, what
color is the pilots mask?
Oxygen Systems
• In a continuous-flow system
when the mask connector
contains a flow restrictor, what
color is the pilots mask?
• Red
Oxygen Systems
• To what altitudes are the
following oxygen systems
usable
• Continuous-flow
Oxygen Systems
• Continuous-flow
• Diluter-demand
25,000
Oxygen Systems
• Continuous-flow
• Diluter-demand
• Pressure-demand
25,000
40,000
Oxygen Systems
• Continuous-flow
• Diluter-demand
• Pressure-demand
40,000
25,000
40,000
above
Oxygen Systems
• What kind do we have in the
King Air?
• Pilots have Diluter demand
• Passengers have Constant flow.
Oxygen Systems
• How can oxygen be stored?
Oxygen Systems
• Cylinders or Chemical Oxygen
Generators
Oxygen Systems
• Where do we get oxygen to
refill cylinders?
• Look in the Airport Facility
Directory. Ensure you use
aviation oxygen.
Oxygen Systems
• What color are most high
pressure oxygen cylinders
painted?
• Green
Oxygen Systems
• What is the lowest pressure to
which an oxygen bottle should
be depleted?
• Why?
Oxygen Systems
• What is the lowest pressure to
which an oxygen bottle should
be depleted? 50 psi
• Why?
• To prevent moisture from
entering the cylinder
Oxygen Systems
• How long will an 66 cu ft
cylinder of oxygen last?
Oxygen Systems
• How long will an 66 cu ft
cylinder of oxygen last?
• Depends on the temperature,
pressure in the bottle and the
number of people using the
bottle.
Oxygen Systems
• What are the pilot oxygen
requirement for Part 91 flying
Oxygen Systems
• FAR 91.211 From 12,500 to
14,000 feet flight crew up to 30
minutes without.
• Over 14,000 minimum flight
crew must be provided and use
supplemental oxygen
Oxygen Systems
• Over 15,000 each occupant
must be provided supplemental
oxygen.
Oxygen Systems
• What are the pilot supplemental
oxygen requirement for Part
135 flying?
Oxygen Systems
• FAR 135.89 From 10,000 to
12,000 any part of the flight
over 30 minutes in duration.
• Over 12,000 continuously
Cabin Pressurization
• What training must you receive
to act as PIC of an pressurized
aircraft certified for operations
above 25,000 feet.
Cabin Pressurization
• FAR 61.31(g) (1) logged
ground training and obtained an
endorsement in the person’s
logbook or training record.
• FAR 61.31(g) (2) endorsement
for flight, simulator or FTD.
Cabin Pressurization
• Ground training
–High altitude aerodynamics
and meteorology
–Respiration
–Effects, symptoms and causes
of hypoxia
Cabin Pressurization
–Duration of consciousness
w/o suppl oxygen
–Effects of long usage of suppl
oxygen
Cabin Pressurization
–Causes and effects of gas
expansion
–Preventive measures for
eliminating gas expansion and
high altitude sickness
Cabin Pressurization
–Physical phenomena and
incidents of decompression
–Any other physiological
aspects of high-altitude flight
Cabin Pressurization
• Flight, Simulator or FTD Training
– Normal operations above 25,000 feet
– Proper emergency procedures for
simulated rapid decompression without
actually depressurizing the aircraft
– Emergency descent procedures
Pressurization Components
• What component modulates
between open and closed to
allow the pressurization air to
vent out of the cabin at a
controlled rate.
Pressurization Components
• What component modulates
between open and closed to
allow the pressurization air to
vent out of the cabin at a
controlled rate.
• Outflow Valve
Pressurization Components
• If the outflow valve fails, will
the pressure continue to rise
until we have a rapid
decompression?
Pressurization Components
• If the outflow valve fails, will
the pressure continue to rise
until we have a rapid
decompression?
• No, you can activate the
safety/dump valve
Pressurization Control
• What is meant by differential
range?
Pressurization Control
• What is meant by differential
range?
• When the pressurization system
is working to prevent the cabin
differential pressure from
exceeding maximum limits.
Cabin Differential Pressure
• What is the typical cabin differential
pressure for general aviation
aircraft?
• 3.35 to 4.5 P.S.I.D
• For large transport category aircraft
• 9.0 P.S.I.D
Pressurization Control
• What is meant by isobaric
range?
Pressurization Control
• What is meant by isobaric
range?
• When the system is working to
maintain the cabin pressure
altitude at the preset level.
Cabin Pressure Controller
• What three items do you
normally set in the cabin
pressure control system?
Cabin Pressure Controller
• What three items do you
normally set in the cabin
pressure control system?
• Cruise Altitude
• Cabin Altitude Selected
• Rate control knob
Instrumentation
• Name three instruments used in
conjunction with the pressure
controller.
Instrumentation
• Name three instruments used in
conjunction with the pressure
controller.
• Cabin Differential Pressure Gage
• Cabin Altimeter
• Cabin rate-of-climb instrument
Pressurization Control
• When operating in the isobaric
range, what will happen if you
make a sudden change in the
cabin altitude selected?
Pressurization Control
• Extreme changes in cabin
pressure causing significant
pain to you and your passengers
Pressurized Air
• In most light pressurized
aircraft the pressurized air
comes from the turbocharger’s
compressor. What must be done
to it before it is usable?
Pressurized Air
• In most light pressurized aircraft the
pressurized air comes from the
turbocharger’s compressor. What
must be done to it before it is usable?
• It must be cooled in a heat
exchanger.
Emergencies
• What are the most likely causes
of rapid and explosive
decompressions?
Emergencies
• What are the most likely causes
of rapid and explosive
decompressions?
• Failure of the Windshield, cabin
window or door.
Minimum Oxygen
• What is the minimum oxygen
supply for flying in a
pressurized cabin above FL
250?
Minimum Oxygen
• What is the minimum oxygen
supply for flying in a
pressurized cabin above FL
250?
• 10 minutes
Oxygen Masks
• What oxygen mask
requirements exist for flying
above FL350.
Oxygen Masks
• Generally, one pilot at the
controls must wear and use an
oxygen mask that is secured and
sealed.
Oxygen Masks
• An exception exists below FL
410 if both pilots have quick
donning type masks that can be
placed on the face with one
hand and secured, sealed and
operating within 5 sec.
Hypoxia
• Name four types of hypoxia and
describe them.
Hypoxia
• Name four types of hypoxia and
describe them.
• Hypoxic - altitude hypoxia
caused by insufficient partial
pressure of oxygen.
Hypoxia
• Histotoxic - Alcohol and drug
use, cannot be corrected by
supplemental oxygen because
the uptake of oxygen is
impaired at the tissue level
Hypoxia
• Hypemic - reduction of the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood as a result of anemia,
carbon monoxide poisoning, or
excessive smoking.
Hypoxia
• Stagnant hypoxia - poor
circulation of the blood because
of failure of the circulatory
system to pump blood. It can be
caused by pressure breathing or
excessive G-forces.
Prolonged Oxygen Use
• What are the symptoms of
prolonged use of 100%
oxygen?
Prolonged Oxygen Use
• Bronchial cough, fever,
vomiting nervousness, irregular
heart beat and lowered energy.
Vision
• What effect does altitude have
on vision?
Vision
• Deteriorate with altitude
• Empty visual field caused by cloudless
blue skies cause inaccuracies in judging
speed, size and distance
• Sunglasses recommended to minimize
the intensity of the sun’s ultraviolet
rays.
Decompression Sickness
• What are three types of evolved
gas decompression sickness.
Decompression Sickness
• Bends - pain in and around the joints
• Chokes - Chest pain and burning
sensation, a sensation of suffocation.
• Paresthesia - tingling, itching, red
rash, and warm and cold sensations
Anti-icing
De-icing
Anti Icing
• When do you want to turn on
Anti Icing equipment?
Anti Icing
• When do you want to turn on
Anti Icing equipment?
• Prior to encountering ice
conditions?
Airfoil Ice Control
• De-icing Boots
• Thermal Anti-ice Systems
• Weeping Wing
Windshield Ice Control
• Alcohol
• Thermal
Windshield Ice Control
• What can happen if thermal anti
ice is used on the ground?
Windshield Ice Control
• What can happen if thermal anti
ice is used on the ground?
• Bubbles can develop between
the layers of window lamination
resulting in the windshield
having to be replaced.
Propeller Ice Control
• Thermal
• Alcohol
Other Ice Systems
• Pitot Heat
• Static Port
• Fuel Vent
• Stall Warning Sensors
Ice
• What two conditions are
necessary for structural ice to
form?
Ice
• Visible water such as rain or
clouds
• Temperature where the
moisture strikes the aircraft
must be 0 or colder
Ice
• What are the three kinds of ice?
Ice
• What are the three kinds of ice?
• Clear, Rime and Mixed
• Which is the most dangerous
kind of ice?
Ice
• Which is the most dangerous
kind of ice?
• Clear. It is very heavy and
difficult to remove.
Ice
• What kind of ice usually forms
on aircraft flying through
stratus type clouds?
Ice
• What kind of ice usually forms
on aircraft flying through
stratus type clouds?
• Rime
Ice
• What do ice pellets normally
mean?
Ice
• What do ice pellets normally
mean?
• Freezing rain at higher altitudes
Ice
• What type of cloud is hail
normally associated?
Ice
• What type of cloud is hail
normally associated?
• Cumulonimbus
Ice
• Frost does not change the basic
aerodynamic shape of the wing
so how does it affect the flow of
air over the wing?
Ice
• Roughness spoils the smooth
flow of air causing early flow
separation
Ice
• What effect does frost have on
stall speed?
Ice
• What effect does frost have on
stall speed?
• It normally increases stall speed
between 5 and 10 per cent
Ice
• If you begin to accumulate ice
and you anticipate there is a
warm front aloft, should you try
to climb?
Ice
• Depends on the situation, but
the decision to either turn back
or climb should be made
quickly before too much ice
accumulates which would
preclude a climb.
Ice
• If you accumulate ice, what
precaution should you take on
landing?
Ice
• Avoid abrupt maneuvers
because the aircraft has lost
some aerodynamic efficiency,
land with power at a higher than
normal airspeed, be cautious
about the use of flaps.
Ice
• How can the NWS observe
actual icing conditions?
Ice
• They cannot. They can identify
regions where icing is possible
but they need PIREPS to know
for sure.
Ice
• When you preheat an aircraft, to
what items should you pay
attention?
Ice
• Oil, battery and instruments.
You should preheat not only the
engine compartment but also
the cockpit. Except at KSU-S,
because we have had damage to
aircraft interiors