Download Autonomous Flight

Autonomous Flight
AIAA Group 6
Mat Thompson
AutonomyThe degree to which something is
subject to control from the outside
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Manned Aerial Vehicles
UAV Autonomy
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Least- Target and Drone
Civil and Commercial
Reconnaissance
Research and Development
Most- UCAV
Sensor Fusion
Communications
Motion Planning
Trajectory Generation
Task Allocation
UAV Tier Systems
USAF Tier System
 Tier 1 Low altitude, long endurance- Gnat 750
 Tier 2 Medium altitude, long endurance- MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper
 Tier 2+ High Altitude Long Endurance Conventional- RQ-4 global Hawk
 Tier 3- High altitude long endurance low observable- RQ-3 Dark-star
USMC Tier System
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Tier 1- Dragon Eye
scouts urban areas, launched by bungee
chords
Tier 2- Scan Eagle
needs four humvees to carry system
UCAV
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J-UCAS Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems
X-45 UCAV
Attack missions successful. Communication.
X-47 Pegasus
Collision avoidance software. Group flight.
Real Time communication and decision making between UCAVs
Program Canceled
Foreign Autonomous Vehicles
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nEUROn
drop a bomb by 2012
Alenia Sky-X
still in test flight stages
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Autonomous Vehicles Worldwide
Future Autonomous Flight
Air Force “Hunter-Killer” Program will
select one of the five for production
after 2007
1. Scaled Composites Model 395
2. Scaled Composites Model 396
3. General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (already
flying)
4. Aurora/Israeli Eagle/Heron 2
5. Lockheed ?
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*6. Raytheon package
Unmanned Systems Roadmap
DoD autonomous goals until 2030
1. Joint unmanned combat aircraft system
capable of performing suppression of
enemy air defenses/strike/electronic
attack/surveillance in high threat
environments
2.-9. logistics to support goal 1.
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Full Autonomy
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P-175 Polecat is being developed by Lockheed to
have full autonomy from take-off to landing.
Triple Redundant Flight Control Software
Far Future…
Keeping the man-in-the-loop
Autopilot
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Modern autopilots use inertial guidance
systems as well as GPS or radio to
correct flight path errors
Lower Fuel consumption
Modern Auto Flight Systems can takeoff, ascend, level, descend, approach,
land. Everything but taxi
Category IIIb landing guides the planes
automatic pilot through landing and
rollout
Category IIIc does the previous and
taxis the plane to the terminal. Requires
3 autopilot systems
Concorde Autopilot
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Auto Throttle
Autopilot Horizontal
Autopilot Vertical
Datum Adjust
Warning Landing Display
Auto Throttle
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3 Modes
Mach Hold- keeps make number
steady, even with temperature change
IAS Hold- holds indicated air speed
IAS ACQ- will change to selected air
speed then switch to IAS hold
Autopilot Horizontal
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INS- aircraft follows waypoints by
inertial navigation system
TRK HDG- pull for heading, follow
compass
push for track, direct path accounting
wind speeds
HDG Hold
VOR LOC- tracks a selected beacon
Back Beam- non-autopilot tracking
back beam localizer
Autopilot Vertical
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PITCH HOLD
MACH HOLD- hold mach number by pitch changes, not throttle
MAX CLIMB- climbs at near max operating speed
MAX CRUISE-engages at height of max climb
IAS HOLD- holds airspeed by pitch changes
ALT HOLD
VERT SPEED
More Vertical Autopilot
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ALT ACQ
TURB- holds pitch, altitude and heading, reduces trim
LAND- CATIIIb system, second redundant autopilot engaged
GO AROUND- pitch 15 deg. Hold wings. Initiated when two of the throttle
levers are forward in land or glide mode
GLIDE- used before pilot makes a manual landing
Datum Adjust
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Add or subtract speed by Mach 0.6
Autopilot turn at 5 deg/s to adjust heading
Pitch Adjust
Warnings
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Red lights flash if failure in autopilot
autothrottle
DH flashes if under set height
LAND2/3 flash if CATII or CATIII
are supported
Aircraft deviation lights
Test
Auto Correct
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Stall warnings- stick shaker
Deep Stall warning- stick pusher
Collision Avoidance- TCAS III
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance
System gives vocalize suggestions
horizontally and vertically among
multiple aircraft to avoid collision
FAA regulates that even false alarms be
treated as real threats
Next Generation TCAS may auto
correct flight path to avoid collision
Modern Autopilot
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C-17 Globemaster III uses the
Electronic flight Control System.
New CsLEOS has memory
partition to allow multiple
applications to run simultaneously
without interference.
Operate autopilot, air/ground
collision warning, deep stall
avoidance, angle of attack limiter,
all engine out autopilot, safe goaround autopilot, navigation,
engine control, flight control….
Can do take-off modes for all
levels of flight for pitch, roll, and
yaw. Autopilot is sensitive to the
stick, and engages or disengages
automatically when it is in use.
Manned and Unmanned
UAVs assist manned
fighters
bombers, air combat, air
defense
 Pilot’s control weapons
release
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Q’s
References
Concorde Technical Specs, http://www.concordesst.com/autopilot.html
UAV Roadmap 2005-2030, www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav_roadmap2005.pdf
Dp-5X, X-50 Dragonfly, http://www.defensetech.org/archives/001748.html
UAVs as Tactical wingmen,
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/labs/halab/papers/UAV_wingmen_AUVSIdraft.pdf
Autopilot Design, http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=mtgpaper&gID=95289
Flight Systems and Goals http://www.aa.washington.edu/research/afsl/
TCAS-94 http://www.rockwellcollins.com/ecat/br/TCAS-94_PrintFriendly.html
UAV Autopilot, http://www.baykarmakina.com/english/baykaruas/autopilot.asp
www.navyleague.org/sea_power/ju106-22.php
www.defenselink.mil
Aviation Week + Space Technology July 24, 2006 pg 64-65