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EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 The teacher’s integrity Professor Kirsi Tirri University of Helsinki Finland University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Ethical dilemmas in teaching • Teachers are not always aware of the moral impact of their actions (Jackson et al 1993) • Teachers are ill-prepared for dealing with ethical dilemmas they have identified in their work (Lyons 1990, Tirri 1999) • Ethical dilemmas are very content- and context specific (Tirri 1999) University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Teachers’ professional morality • The teacher’s role has changed – – – – – views of teaching and learning international co-operation multiculturalism increased autonomy interaction skills University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 The values behind the teacher’s professional ethics • • • • Human worth Honesty Justice Freedom University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Ethics in the school community • Vision • Power and hierarchy • Individuality and collaboration • Commitment University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Virtue ethics • Aristotle • Emphasis on the personality • Ethical sensitivity • Moral exemplars • Commitment to personal growth University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Principles of justice • Equality • Equity • Need University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 The data source • Early education teachers – 26 written responses • Secondary school teachers – 59 interviews – 44 questionnaires • Ninth-grade students – 98 written responses – 40 interviews – 40 questionnaires University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Early education data • Kindergarten and elementary school teachers (N=26) • Essays on real-life moral dilemmas in their work • The data was analyzed by qualitative content analysis (Strauss & Corbin 1990) – The themes and the relationships involved in the conflicts – Successful and unsuccessful decisions to these conflicts University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Conflicts between a teacher and parents (N=10) • Do the actions of the parents serve the best interest of a child? – The most suitable educational arrangement for the child – Evident problems at home • Teachers took the perspective of a child – Evaluation of the situation and suggestions for the parents – Parents’ responsibility was to make the choice for the child University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Conflicts between a teacher and a colleague (N=8) • A colleague had behaved in a cruel way towards a child – hurtful use of language – purposeful actions to humiliate the child • Questions of power and hierarchy • Conflicts involving colleagues are the most difficult ones to solve (Campbell 1996, Colnerud 1997, Tirri 1999) • Norms of collegial loyalty keep teachers from defending the pupils University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Conflicts between a teacher and the whole community (N=8) • Educational philosophy of the community • The ethos of the community • A lack of discourse about the means and the ends of education • Open discussion is needed to establish guidelines for organizational morality University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Ethic of care • Moral stance of care in teachers’ professional ethics (Gilligan 1982, Noddings 1984) • Fundamental needs of children (Clark 1995) – to be loved, to be led, to be vulnerable, to make sense, to please others, to have hope, to know truth, to be known, to be safe, to make one’s mark University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 The values and virtues of teachers • Bravery – teachers’ courage to confront parents or colleagues in the troubled circumstances • Truthfulness – teachers’ own ideals and ethics – seek the truth in the difficult conflicts – straightforwardness in identifying the vices • Justice – equality and fairness in the application of rules and norms University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Schools • Havukoski (urban secondary school) – circa 400 students (15% foreigners) – 33 teachers – teachers active and willing to develop their school • Maikkula (rural secondary school) – same size school as Havukoski – students more homogeneous than in Havukoski – co-operative and active teachers University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Matters related to teachers’ work • • • • • • • • • Grading Punishing Confidentiality Sensitive issues Colleague Teaching criticism Impolite language Neglecting students Biased attitude University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 The morality of students’ behavior • • • • Harassment Negative attitude towards learning Cheating Impolite speech and behavior University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 The rights of minority groups • • • • Religious beliefs Ethnic identity Trustworthiness of minority students Students’ racial attitudes University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Common rules in school • Forbidden things – smoking – playing cards University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Problem-solving strategies • • • • • Avoiding Delegating Single-handed decision Discourse I (incomplete discourse) Discourse II (complete discourse) University of Helsinki 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Teachers: Harassment 30 25 20 15 Havukoski 10 Maikkula 5 0 Avoiding University of Helsinki Delegating Single handed decision Discourse 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Students: Harassment 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Avoiding University of Helsinki Delegating Single handed decision Discourse Havukoski Maikkula 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Teachers: Fighting 25 20 15 10 5 0 Avoiding University of Helsinki Delegating Single handed decision Discourse Havukoski Maikkula 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Students: Fighting 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Avoiding University of Helsinki Delegating Single handed decision Discourse Havukoski Maikkula 7/6/2017 EFTRE conference Edinburgh 2001 Roundtable discussion in schools Teacher Student Principles of justice Students’ needs Student Teachers’ virtues Parent University of Helsinki Round table discussion School Psychologist Decision-making strategies Minister 7/6/2017