Download Comparative Revolutions: Haitian, Anerican, French, Mexican, and

Comparative Revolutions: Haitian,
American, French, Mexican, Chinese,
and Latin American Independence
Movements
1750-1914
AP World History
French Revolution
French Revolution
The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with
resentment towards royal power, food
scarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideas
 Louis XVI was forced to convoke the
Estates-General
 Third estate made up of the lower class
wanted more representation; declared
themselves the National Assembly

French Revolution



Louis XVI

On June 20, 1789, the
National Assembly swore
the Tennis Court Oath
Would not leave the tennis
court until a new
constitution had been
made (Declaration of the
rights of Man and the
Citizen)
On July 14, 1789, the
prison of Bastile was
taken by the rebellion, and
served as a symbol of the
revolution
Feudalism abolished on
August 4, 1789
French Revolution

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Radical phase started by 1792; led by Maximilien
Robespierre
King was executed and the Reign of Terror
occurred in which unpopular factions were
destroyed
Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery
temporaraliy abolished and spirit of nationalism
Final phase of revolution occurred under
Napoleon from 1799 to 1815 during which
expansion of the French empire occurred
Parliament reduced in power, but religious
freedom, equality for men, education, were
promoted
Prelude to the American
Revolution

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
Laws passed by the
English government to
limit expansion as well as
pass laws on the American
colonies
American colonies
looking for more
independence
Artisans and farmers
looking for ways to
promote social equality
American Revolution

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Battle of Bunker Hill
On June 15, 1775, the
Continental Congress
appoints George
Washington general of
Continental Army
On June 17, 1775, the
Battle of Bunker Hill
occurs with the British
winning, but at a huge cost
In December of 1775, the
American colonies are
placed under an embargo
May 2, 1776, France
commits 1 million dollars
in arms to the colonies and
Spain also offers support
American Revolution
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On July 4, 1776 the Declaration
of Independence is issued
October 7, 1777- Battle of
Saratoga results in 1st major
American victory
Articles of Confederation
adopted on November 15, 1777
making Congress the sole
authority
In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new
constitutional structure with
checks and balances between
the different branches of
government as well as limited
voting rights (to wealthy white
males)
Above - The signing of
the Declaration.
The American Declaration of Independence (part)
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that
they are endowed by their creator with inherent and [certain] inalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness: that to secure
these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish
it, & to institute new government, laying it's foundation on such principles, &
organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect
their safety & happiness. Prudence indeed will dictate that governments long
established should not be changed for light & transient causes; and accordingly
all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they
are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses & usurpations begun at a
distinguished period and pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design
to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to
throw off such government, & to provide new guards for their future security.”
Haitian Revolution

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
Began on August 22, 1781
Slave uprising against the
French
Francois Dominique
Toussaint L’Ouverture
organized a small military
group
In order to overcome
powerful countries
wanting to claim Haiti
(France, England, and
Spanish) Toussiant played
powers off of one another,
finally allying with French
Toussaint
L’Ouverture
Haitian Revolution
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Napoleon’s rule resulted
in Toussiant’s death
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
was former slave who
took over
General Leclerc sent by
Napoleon to deal with
Haitians, bloody battles
occurred
Ended on November 28,
1803
Legacy of Haitian Revolution

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
Symbol of freedom
and hope to the rest of
slaves in North
America
Slave owners became
aware of chance of
rebellion of slaves
Slave shelters built by
slave owners in case
of an uprising
Beginnings of the Mexican
Revolution
General Porfirio Diaz was president of
Mexico from 1876-1911
 Mexico had political and economic
stability, but at expense of farmers and
laborers (only select few had wealth)
 Suppressed any uprisings with army
 Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico
was ready for a democracy

Mexican Revolution


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In 1909, Francisco
Madero formed AntiReelectionist Party, trying
to oust General Diaz and
form a democracy; ran for
president in 1910
Madero imprisoned for
“inciting rebellion” and
Diaz won election
Madero won election in
1911, but found most
revolutionaries wanted
immediate change which
he couldn’t provide
Mexican Revolution

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
Madero killed in 1913,
and replaced by
Victoriano Huerta
Huerta didn’t stay true to
revolutionary beliefs, left
country in 1914
Huerta replaced by
Venustiano Carranza who
organized a convention
that resulted in the
formation of a new
constitution in 1917
Chinese Revolution
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

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Revolution began in 1890s
with fall of Ch’ing (Qing)
dynasty
After Boxer Rebellion in
1900, Western ideas
dominated education and
much of Chinese life
1911 Revolution began in
southwestern province of
Szechwan
Motivated by plan to
nationalize the railway
Chinese Revolution
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Sun Yat-sen was “Father
of the Revolution”
Educated in west, saw
revolution as nationalist,
social, and democratic
revolution
In 1905, Chinese United
League formed
By end of November of
1911, 2/3 of China had
seceded from the Ch’ing
empire
In December, China
proclaimed a republic with
Sun Yat-sen as president
Chinese Revolution
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Yuan Shih-kai had been
appointed as prime
minister in 1911
On January 3, 1912, Yuan
claimed he would get the
Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate
if he was offered the
presidency
Yuan appointed president
on February 1, 1912
Yuan suppressed any
rebellions, dissolving the
parliament and becoming
dictator in 1914
President Yuan
Shikai
Latin American Independence
Movements (Brazil)
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By end of 18th century,
Brazil had grown in
economic importance
1807, France invaded
Portugal; Portuguese king
moved to Brazil; Rio de
Janeiro made capital
Dom Joao VI moved back
to Portugal in 1820, but
son Dom Pedro I, stayed
behind
Pedro was called back to
Portugal, but, after
refusing, declared Brazil
independent in 1822
Latin American Independence
Movements (Peru)
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Jose San Martin was military
commander in Argentina who
wanted to secure Peruvian silver
Peru still under Spanish control,
upper class extremely
conservative; but Napoleonic
invasions of Spain sparked
revolution
San Martin was unable to defeat
Spanish in interior, and with his
withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took
over
Battles in 1824 such as battle of
Ayacucho assured Peru’s
independence (see next slide)
The Battle of Ayacucho
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Last major engagement in South American war for
independence
Fought on December 9, 1824
Resulted in victory by rebels under Antonio Jose de Sucre over
a Spanish army under Jose de La Serna (viceroy of Peru)
Sucre and Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish force in Junin, Peru
(August 1824)
La Serna marched against them from Cuzco with army of
10,000
Sucre with 6,000 South Americans, reluctant to enter battle but
made stand in December
Won advantage over La Serna before he had chance to organize
troops
Spaniards overcome and La Serna taken prisoner; end of
Spanish power on mainland of South America
Latin American Independence
Movements (Chile)
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Young Anti-War Protest

In September 1810, open
town meeting appointed
junta made up of local
leaders to rule (searching
for more independence)
Battle of Rancagua in
October 1814, Spain
regained control
Carrera brothers and
Bernard O’Higgins
convinced Jose San
Martin to help them
Independence proclaimed
in 1818 with O’Higgins as
dictator
Causes/Motives of the
Revolutions
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All revolutions resulted from peasant unrest
Industrialization and economic hardships (food
shortages)
Nationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutions
Media played major role in advocating change;
monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their
actions, controlling the public’s knowledge,
revolutionaries could also use media to support their
beliefs of overthrowing the government
Need to industrialize nations
Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic values
Causes/Motives of the
Revolutions continued
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
Enlightenment thinkers
challenged regimes that didn’t
grant religious freedoms or
insisted on aristocratic privilege
Commercialization caused
merchants to challenge idea that
aristocrats hold highest power
Population increase made it
harder for anyone not aristocrat
to gain office; led to protesting
Comparison of Causes and
Motivations of Revolutions
Haiti

Slaves wanted
vengeance
 Slaves retained
culture, wanted to
reinstate it
 Planters wanted
independence
from France
Free people of
color wanted
citizenship
 Slaves wanted
freedom (under
cruel conditions)
 Haitians
received little
profit from
plantations
(French got it all)
Mexico
China
France
America Latin
America

 Increasing
 Large
 Resisted
internal disorders
Pressure from
foreign
governments
Weakness of
central
government
(under Manchus)
Imperial plan to
nationalize the
railway (wealthy
gentry stood to
lose investments)
Urban
intellectuals
advocated
westernization
 Military wanted
freedom
population as
disease, food
shortages&
mortality declined
Capitalism
introduced,
economy grew
In lean years,
90% of peasantry
lived at or below
subsistence level
 Kings competed
with officers for
authority; kings
wanted monarchy
 King had been
involved in
religious
controversies
Britain's attempts
to impose taxes
and trade controls
on colonies
 Overpopulation
led young men to
seek new
opportunities
 Growing
commerce led to
farmers and
artisans looking
for ways to defend
social equality and
community spirit
 Stamp Act of
1765 on all
documents and
pamphlets
Only select few
were wealthy and
educated; expense
came to laborers
 People wanted
representation
(were politically
repressed)
Maldistribution
of land
(Expansion of
large landed
estates)
 Conflict with
foreign powers
(Ex: U.S.) and
influx of foreign
capital
 Mistreatment of
American Indians

Conflict and
invasion in mother
country
(Legitimacy of
rulers)
 Restrictions on
education and
trade
 Conflict
between political
values (liberals
and conservatives)
 American,
French, and
Haitian
Revolutions
 Resented
taxation and
policies of mother
countries
Role of Racism?

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The Haitian Revolution was
main one whose causes
centered around racism
Haitian Revolution was slave
uprising (Discrimination
against blacks found in
slavery)
French saw Haitians as
barbarians; thought they
were only good working on
plantations
Latin Americans tired of
being treated inferiorly by
Europeans
Effect of Revolutions on Women
 Chinese Revolution tried


to hold onto traditional
ways
Chinese women today still
subjugated; men prefer not
to marry women who have
already been married
Some women still are
married for sole purpose
of childbearing
Effects of Revolutions on
Women continued
Before Revolutions
 Women expected to be wives and
After Revolutions
 Women allowed to be educated: at
mothers; could not vote or hold political
office
 Unmarried women under authority of
their fathers
 Once married, couldn't work, enter
into contracts, or control own estates
without husband’s permission
 Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs
that women biologically and socially
different from men and should stick to
domestic tasks
 Women secluded within homes; had
to wear long skirts or dresses
 Lower class women had more
freedom than those of upper class
first the sole purpose was to train them
for “enlightened” role within the home
 Demand for teachers allowed for
higher education; women became more
confident and advocated women’s rights
 As 20th century progressed, women
gained right to vote in addition to other
civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of
dresses)
 When men went off to war, left
openings in factory positions which
were filled by women (proved
themselves able to work in even heavy
industry, including munitions)
Women’s Rights continued
From Mary Cary. The New Jerusalem's Glory
“And if there be very few men that are thus furnished with the gift of
the Spirit; how few are the women! Not but that there are many
godly women, many who have indeed received the Spirit: but in how
small a measure is it? how weak are they? and how unable to
prophesie? for it is that that I am speaking of, which this text says
they shall do; which yet we see not fulfilled.... But the time is coming
when this promise shall be fulfilled, and the Saints shall be
abundantly filled with the spirit; and not only men, but women shall
prophesie; not only aged men, but young men; not only superiours,
but inferiours; not only those that have University learning, but
those that have it not; even servants and handmaids..”
Rise of Democracy


In Mexican Revolution, new
constitution formed in 1917 that:
- Redistributed land from wealthy
landowners to peasants
- was 1st to recognize collective
labor rights
- limited the foreign ownership of
key resources
Haitian Revolution, gave more
equality to people of color and
gained independence from France
- Inspired other countries to form
own democracy
- Early constitutions balanced
popular representation by
imposing property restrictions of
voters
Rise of Democracy

French Revolution:
- General Estates formed,
consisting of 3 “estates”, or
classes of people
- 3rd estate known as Commons
formed National Assembly
- National Assembly abolished
feudalism in 1789, aristocrats lost
privileges; church land seized
- Assembly published Declaration
of Rights of Man and of the
Citizen on August 26, 1789
- Assembly became legislature of
new government (parliament)
- Constitution proclaimed
individual rights
Rise of Democracy

Chinese Revolution:
- Constitution formed limited
emperor’s power; said that
parliamentary elections be
held within 6 months of
formation of government
- Provincial assemblies were
established in 1909
- National, democratically
elected Consultative
Assembly formed in 1910
Rise of Democracy


American Revolution:
- May 10, 1776, Congress allows each
of colonies to form local governments
- July 4, 1776, Declaration of
Independence
- U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with
checks and balances between different
branches, guarantees of individual
liberties, and limited voting rights
Latin America
- Local leaders were taking positions
of greater importance
- Simon Bolivar and Jose de San
Martin both played important roles
- Freedom of trade was reached both
within the nations and internationally
Additional Reforms



In China, the military was reorganized, the civil
service exam was abolished in 1905, and Western
ideas were being included in education
Media played a large part in most revolutions
(French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots
ideas as well as monarchs ideas (increasing
importance)
France- Protestants regaining their rights, Louis
XVI forced to produce annual publication of state
of finances
Phase I of the Revolutions (old
regime is weak, people are restless)



Chinese Revolution- Collapse of Manchu dynasty;
internal disorder, pressure from foreign
government, weakness of central government
French Revolution- Louis XVI losing power,
Estates-General formed, 3rd estate (commoners)
protesting taxes
American Revolution- British placing new taxes
on Americans, colonies restless, want new
freedoms in economy and government
Phase I of Revolutions continued



Mexican Revolution- General Porfiro Diaz is
losing control, new political parties are being
formed, farmers and laborers unhappy
Haitian Revolution- French placing Haitian slaves
under cruel conditions, there is social unrest and a
wish for a share in the profits of the plantations
Latin American Revolutions- countries were
growing in economic importance because of their
crops, European countries had hard time
controlling them because of the distance between
them
Phase II of Revolutions (better
organized government, moderates in
control)


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Chinese Revolution- Sun Yat-sen overthrew government,
Yuan Shih-kai placed in power, constitution places checks
on his power, demanding parliamentary elections
French Revolution- 3rd estate in power, set up Declaration
of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, constitution devised
which proclaims individual liberties, manoralism abolished
(aristocrats lost privileges)
American Revolution- Rebels set up new government with
constitution that places checks and balances between
legislative and executive powers; voting rights widespread
though limited
Phase II of Revolutions
continued



Mexican RevolutionFrancisco Madero was
proclaimed president,
worked steadily toward
bettering social and
economic life
Haitian RevolutionToussaint L’Ouverture
became leader, abolishing
slavery and bringing peace
(for a time)
Latin America Independence
movements- nations gained
independence with the help
of Simon Bolivar and Jose
de San Martin
Phase III of the Revolutions (rise of
radicals who illegally gain power)



Chinese Revolution- Yuan Shih-kai assassinates Sun
Yat-sen, dissolving the parliament and becoming
dictator in 1914
French Revolution- Maximilien Robespierre (17581794) leads radicals in overthrowing monarchy, using
terror tactics to rule (killing anyone in his way);
proclaimed military conscription, temporarily
abolished slavery, and came up with a new
constitution which proclaimed universal male suffrage
although it was not put into practice fully
American Revolution- persecuted any remaining
loyalists to Britain
Phase III of the Revolutions
continued



Mexican Revolution- Madero
killed by Victoriano Huerta, but
Constitutionalist movement drove
out Huerta in 1914, causing
Venustiano Carranza to come to
power (helped to make
constitution of 1917)
Haitian Revolution- Invasion of
French troops resulted in death of
Toussaint and rise of Jean-Jacques
Dessalines who ordered execution
of all European opposing him,
finally declared Haiti a republic in
1803
Latin American independence
movements- no radical phase
within this time period
Negative Effects of the
Revolutions


Mexican Revolution
- Devastated the country
- Killed 1.5 million people
- Ranching and farming were
disrupted
French Revolution- Radical phase resulted in
deaths of opponents of
revolution aided by guillotine
- Incited further war,
especially under Napoleon, in
other countries
- Destruction of property
Destroyed Buildings
Negative Effects of the
Revolution continued


Haitian Revolution
- Africans seen by General
Leclerc (invading French
officer) immediately killed
- Instilled fear among slave
owners, tighter restriction on
slave rights (slaves couldn’t be
taught to read)
American Revolution
- Deaths of about 7,000
Americans
- New government deeply in
debt, had to pay soldier’s
salaries in addition to cost of
food and weapons


Chinese Revolution
- Reforms didn’t benefit the
peasants; benefited military,
and aristocrats
- Didn’t provide ample
opposition against the warlords
- Reforms made were not
social, mainly political
Latin America
- Did not receive full
independence; still dependent
European and U.S.
economics
Global Connection

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
Revolutions spurred on
movements in other countries
Introduced new political ideas
(democracy, constitutions, etc.)
used world wide
In case of Haitian Revolution,
inspired other slave rebellions
Gave power to
commoners/slaves; knew they
could overthrow government
American Revolution led to
independence movements in
other colonies escaping from
European control
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
Students of Wafa Hozien
Middletown HS, Maryland
[email protected]