Download GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

GROWTH and
DEVELOPMENT
The Age of Adulthood
• Young adulthood= late teens to mid to late
thirties
• Middle adulthood= Begins around 35 and
lasts through the late 60’s
• Older adulthood= Age 65 traditionally used
as the start of old age
Maturity and Adulthood
• Maturity is reached when a balance of
growth in th physiological, psychosocial,
and cognitive areas has been attained.
• Characteristics of Maturity
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Accepts constructive criticism
Open to suggestion
Learns from own and others experiences
Accepts responsibility for their own mistakes
Developmental Theories of
the Young Adult
• Erikson-
8 stages of life
 Intimacy vs isolation
• Havighurst-
Developmental tasks arise at each age
from predictable internal/external pressures
 Pressures Tasks-
• Gould-
Developmental Themes w/in adult development
 1st Theme (age 20)- “I have to get away from my parents”
 2nd Theme (30’s)- “Is what I am the only way for me to be?”
 3rd Theme (late 30’s)- “Have I done the right thing? Is there time
to change?”
Growth and Development of
the Young Adult
• Physiological
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Few maturational changes
Experience severe illness less
Physical changes occur as middle age approaches
Personal life-style assessment
• Cognitive
 Critical thinking abilities increase with experiences
 Develop problem solving skills
 Identify occupation
Growth and Development of
the Young Adult
• Psychosocial
 Emotional health r/t abilty to resolve personal/ social tasks
 Predictable trends
• 23-28- Refining self-perception and ability for intimacy
• 29-34- Directs energy toward achievement and mastery of
surrounding world
• 35-45- Examining life goals and relationships
 More attention devoted to occupational/ social pursuits
• May benefit from career counseling/ testing
• Trend is more women working while pregnant, men more aware of
parental responsibilities
Health Concerns/ Risk Factors
for the Young Adult
• Health Risks
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Violence
Substance Abuse
Unwanted pregnancies
STDs
Occupational, environmental risk factors
• Lifestyle Concerns
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Smoking
Stress
Exercise patterns
Personal hygiene
Familial history
Infertility
Childbearing Family
• Pregnant womans body undergoes physical
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changes (pg.225)
Cognitive changes
 Temporary sensory changes
 Educational needs
• Psychosocial changes
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Body Image
Role changes
Sexuality
Coping mechanisms
Stresses
Developmental Theories of
the Middle Adult
• Erikson’s Theory (8 stages)
 Generativity vs Stagnation
 Integrity vs Despair
• Havighurst’s Theory
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7 developmental tasks
Achieving adult civic/ social responsibility
Establishing/ maintaining a standard of living
Helping teenagers become responsible and happy adults
Developing leisure activities
Relating to one’s spouse as a person
Accepting/ adjusting to physiological changes
Adjusting to aging parents
• Gould’s Theory
 Theme for 40s,50s, 60s- “The die is cast”
Middle Adult Growth and
Development
• Physiological changes
 Gray hair, wrinkled skin, increased weight, balding, menopause
and climacteric (reproductive changes)
• Cognitive development
 Change rare, if any, due to illness or traua
• Psychosocial changes
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Career transition
Sexuality
Marital changes
Family transitions
Care of aging parents (sandwich generation)
Middle Adult Health Concerns
• Physiological
 Stress
 Levels of Wellness
 Forming positive health habits
• Psychosocial
 Anxiety related to physiological and psychosocial
changes
 Depression
Theories of Aging
• Multiple Theories trying to explain aging
 Psychosocial- tries to explain behavior, roles, and
relationships that come w/ aging
 Biological- no one theory accepted
• Stochastic Theories
 Aging is a result of random cellular damage that
occurs over time (damage= physical changes)
• Nonstochastic Theories
 Genetic physiological mechanisms control the process
of aging.
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Developmental Tasks for
Older Adults
• Tasks are associated w/ varying degrees of
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change and loss. (Box 13-3, pg.239)
Common losses:
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Health
Significant others
Sense of usefulness
Socialization
Income
Independent living
Physical changes of aging
Older Adult Growth and
Development
• Physiological Changes
 Virtually every body system has some type of change w/ aging
• Cognitive Changes
 Delirium- Acute confusional state
 Dementia- Generalized impairment of intellectual functioning
• Alzheimers is the most common form of dementia
 Depression- affects 20% of older adults
• Psychosocial Changes
 Involves changes in roles and relationships
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Retirement
Social Isolation
Sexuality
Housing and Environment
Death
Health Concerns of the Older
Adult
• 3 most common causes of death= heart disease,
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cancer, stroke
Physiological concerns
 90% of adults>65 have at least one chronic health condition
 Chronic conditions are 4x more common among older adults than other
age groups
 Chronic conditions affect well being and independence
 Besides heart disease, cancer, and stroke other concerns include:
• Smoking
Alcohol Abuse
• Nutrition
Dental problems
• Arthritis
Sensory impairments
• Pain
Medication use
Health Concerns of the Older
Adult
• Psychosocial Health Concerns
 Social isolation
 Cognitive impairment
 Stresses due to life changes
• Interventions addressing psychosocial health
concerns
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Therapeutic communication
Touch
Reality orientation
Validation therapy
Reminiscence
Body Image interventions
Special Concerns of the Older
Adult
• Acute Care
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Comfort
Safety
Nutrition/ hydration
Skin Integrity
Adverse events (delirium, dehydration, malnutrition, nosocomial infections, urinary
incontinence, falls)
• Restorative Care
 Convalescence from acute care
• Interventions should continuing supporting what was started in acute, should address
holistic needs
 Functioning w/ chronic conditions
• Interventions should focus on promoting health, independence, stabilizing chronic
conditions