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Skill Development at it’s Best Management Information Systems BBA & MBA Lectures 13,14,15 Technical Decomposition (Database and Networking) Course Lecturer: Farhan Mir Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Lecture Administration • Database Management Systems – Basic Concepts – Traditional File Based Environment – Database Approach – Components of a Database System – Types of Databases – New Trends in Databases – Management Issues • Networks Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Basic Concepts • Data the starting point in Information Systems • Today’s business enterprises cannot survive or succeed without quality data about their internal operations and external environment. • Data Management – Data basically stored in the form of files or databases – Data Management Hierarchy • Bit-Byte-Field-Record-File-Database Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT File Organization Terms and Concepts • Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1) • Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character • Field: Group of words or a complete number Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT File Organization Terms and Concepts • Record: Group of related fields • File: Group of records of same type • Database: Group of related files Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Figure 7-1 Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best File Based Systems – Data properly identified and understood when stored in a file (e.g. Customer File, Invoice) – In File processing, data is physically arranged/organized in files – Display Terminals Started the concept of handling data in files – Working of File based system • Application Program & Data Files • File management software – Issues • Multiple file usage(integrating data from 2 or more files) • Data Redundancy • Data Updation • Slow Processing – Advantages • In-expensive • Simple to use Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Problems of File Processing • Data Redundancy – duplicate data requires an update to be made to all files storing that data • Lack of Data Integration – data stored in separate files require special programs for output making ad hoc reporting difficult • Data Dependence – programs must include information about how the data is stored so a change in storage format requires a change in programs Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best File Processing Systems Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Database Management Approach Definition: Consolidates data records into one database that can be accessed by many different application programs. Provides software interface between users and databases Data definition is stored once, separately from application programs Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Database Management • The need to access data quickly • A collection of software designed to provide a complete approach to organize and access organizational data • Flexible access • Independent Files may be utilized to generate new reports • Example of a Bank Customer asking queries regarding his various accounts • Database Environment – Users, Programmers, Application Programs, Database, Utility Programs • User Interface – Example of Oracle (developer) Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Database Management Approach Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT The Contemporary Database Environment Figure 7-4 Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages – – – – – – Flexibility Faster Response Multiple Access Less Storage Integrity Overall Management • Disadvantages – High Cost • Initial purchase cost • Hardware Requirements • Professionals – Complexity – Disaster & Recovery issues Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Database Management for Larger Systems • Large Database Environment – – – – Increased Complexity Transactional Data and Networking Needs Experts Needed to develop and maintain the databases Multiple Users & Security Requirements • Database Administration – Data Administrator (what data will be stored) Vs. – Database Administrator (who actually creates & maintain database, interacts with users & participants to evaluate needs) • Relational Databases Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Relational Databases…. • Independent Tables • Relationship through primary & secondary keys • SQL – Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria – Join: Combines relational tables to provide users with information – Project: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant information • Compatibility with Existing Applications • Database Security • Data Dictionaries Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best What Makes a Database Relational? • A database is relational when tables are related to each other, such as this Student ID field in the Student file. Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Relational Database • • • • • Data stored in related tables Table records have same record type Record = table row Attributes = table columns (fields) Uses common key fields for relationships Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Table and Record Example Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Designing Databases • Database structure: arrangement of the fields, tables and relationships • Design for ease of access and maintenance in as small a file as possible. – First determine what data must be collected and stored – Next organize data into fields and define how the field is stored – Break data into small fields (firstname, lastname) Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best SQL and Databases • Structured Query Language that works behind the scenes of the database client software • SQL queries consist of: – An action – Database table name – Set of parameters SELECT tracktitle FROM tracks WHERE tracktitle = “Fly Away” Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best SQL Basics • SQL keywords: issue instructions – Create, Delete, Insert, etc. • Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT for searching • Joining tables: creating relationships Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Structured query language SQL Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best SQL basics • SQL allows you to access a database • SQL executes queries against a database • SQL commands are case independent. – SELECT = select • But column names or DATA are not case independent. • SQL command are named after english words: – Create, select, insert, update ... – It's easy to learn Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best 3 types of SQL commands • 1. Data Definition Language (DDL) commands - that define a database, including creating, altering, and dropping tables and establishing constraints • 2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands - that maintain and query a database • 3. Data Control Language (DCL) commands - that control a database, including administering privileges and committing data Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best DDL, DML, DCL, and the database development process 27 Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Data Definition Language: create the tables • Create table syntax CREATE TABLE tablename ( column1 data_type [not null] [unique] [column_constraint] , ... [table constraints]); • Example: CREATE TABLE person ( personID varchar(5) NOT NULL, Name varchar(25) NOT NULL, Firstname varchar(15) NULL); Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Example CREATE TABLE person ( personID varchar(5) NOT NULL UNIQUE, Name varchar(25) NOT NULL, Firstname varchar(15) NULL, City varchar(20) Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best DDL: drop table • Delete a table DROP TABLE tablename; • It is very easy and fast to type the drop table command -> be careful !!! Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Data Manipulation Language (DML): Update Operations INSERT - inserts a list of attributes . INSERT INTO PERSON VALUES (008, Tome, Hector, J); DELETE - removes a row from a table. DELETE FROM PERSON WHERE ID = 7; Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Select • Select is used to retrieve data : SELECT [DISTINCT] <column(s)> FROM <table(s)> [WHERE <condition>] [ORDER BY <column(s) [ASC | DESC]>] – In uppercase are the SQL keywords – Between [] optional conditions – Between <> what correspond to your table(s) definition Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Select Select all data FirstName SurName JAMES KIRK JAMES BOND ... ... SELECT FIRSTNAME, SURNAME FROM PERSON Select specific data, ordered SELECT FIRSTNAME, SURNAME FROM PERSON WHERE SURNAME = ‘BOND’ORDER BY FIRSTNAME ASC Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Select Select all data where person firstname is “JAMES” SELECT * FROM PERSON WHERE FIRSTNAME='JAMES' PersonID 045 007 FirstName JAMES JAMES SurName KIRK BOND MidInitial T X Select all data where person firstname is “JAMES” and surname is “BOND” SELECT * FROM PERSON WHERE FIRSTNAME='JAMES' AND SURNAME = 'BOND' Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Select all data where person firstname begins with “JAM” SELECT * FROM PERSON WHERE FIRSTNAME like 'JAM%' PersonID 045 007 FirstName JAMES JAMES SurName KIRK BOND MidInitial T X Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best New Trends in Databases • Object Oriented – Objects – Reusability – Advance needs of Software Engineering • Multimedia – Merchandising – Training – Education • Image Processing • Outside Database Providers Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best References • Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 7 • Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapter 7 Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunication & Networks • Telecommunication and Networks • Networking Hardware & Software & Connecting Media • Internet, Intranet and Extranet • Internet & E-Commerce • Electronic Communications • Management Issues Copyright [email protected] Telecommunication & Networks Skill Development at it’s Best • Telecommunication – Sending of information in any form (voice,data,text,graphics) from one place to another using electronic and light-media • Traditional stand-alone systems Vs. Inter-organizational systems. – The Need for employees to work collaboratively – Time • Instant/quick information requests – Geographical needs – Alliances • EDI – Processing Needs • Distributed Environment – Sharing • The systems and system resources Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunication & Networks • Role and Scope of Telecommunication in Business – Organizational Collaboration – Information Exchange – Business Communication • Formal & Informal – E-Commerce – Tele-working Environment (an increasing trend) • Example: System Maintenance and Disaster Recovery • Another Example: Idea Generators in Fashion Design Industry • Virtual Universities (E-Learning/ Distance Learning) • The Need for Protocols – File Transfer – Sharing Resources Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Trends in Telecommunications Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunication • Telecommunication Model – – – – – Terminals Telecommunication Processors Telecommunication Channels Computers Control Software • Types – – – – LAN WAN Intranets/Extranets Client/Server Networks Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunications Network Components • Terminals – any input/output device that uses telecommunications networks to transmit or receive data • Telecommunications Processors – devices that perform control and support functions • Telecommunications Channels – media over which data are transmitted and received • Computers – all sizes and types • Telecommunications Control Software – programs that control telecommunications activities Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunications Network Components Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Types of Telecommunications Networks • Wide Area Network (WAN) – network that covers a large geographic area • Local Area Network (LAN) – network connecting information processing devices within a limited physical area • Virtual Private Network (VPN) – secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other security features of its Internet and intranet connections and those of participating organizations Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best LAN & WAN (VPN) Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Types of Telecommunications Networks • Client/Server – PCs and workstations, called clients are interconnected by local area networks and share application processing with network servers • Network Computing – Thin clients provide a browserbased user interface for processing small application programs • Peer-to-Peer – file-sharing software connects each PC to a central server or to another online user’s PC Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunications Media • Twisted-Pair Wire – copper wire twisted into pairs • Coaxial Cable – sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it • Fiber Optics – one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunications Media Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Wireless Technologies • Terrestrial Microwave – earthbound microwave systems that transmit high-speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path between relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles apart • Communications Satellites - high-earth orbit communications satellites placed in stationary geosynchronous orbits Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Telecommunications Processors • Modems – convert digital signals from a computer into analog frequencies that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines • Multiplexers – allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Internetwork Processors • Switch – makes connections between telecommunications circuits in a network • Router – intelligent communications processor that interconnects networks based on different protocols • Hub – a port switching communications processor • Gateway – connects networks using different communications architectures Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Networking Hardware, Software & Connecting Media • Media – Cables • Coaxial • Twisted-Pair • Fiber Optics – Satellite – Microwave – Cellular Phone • Topologies – – – – Single-line Star Ring Bus Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Internet & E-Commerce • Internet – Network of Networks – Expansion Rate (Web Presence & Users) – Most Common Utilization • • • • • Communication Data Interchange Information Retrieval News & Discussion Platform And ofcourse new business horizon • E-Commerce – E-Transactions, E-Business – Set of integrated activities • Simply having a good website will not guarantee success – Web Presence a key characteristics • Information regarding Organizational Products/Services • Mechanism for secure transactions Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best E-Commerce • Types of E-Commerce – B2C (Business to Consumer) – B2B (Business to Business) – C2C (Consumer to Consumer) • Business Transformation – The Need to develop e-strategies • • • • Example: CRM (Customer Relation Management) The New Way of marketing Interactive Marketing One-one customer relationship • The Need for E-Commerce – Customer Interaction – Customized services (Multiple Services through single Channel at same time) – Bypassing traditional intermediaries Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best E-Governance E-Learning E-Services E-Commerce E-Marketing E-Procurement E-Banking Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best E-Commerce…. • E-Commerce Essentials – Merchant Systems • Online Shopping Mall • Payment Systems – Wallets (online payments activities) – Live Payments – Security Checks – Publishing Systems – Community Systems • Memberships • Funds & Payments activities • The Current Picture – The Bubble Burst – Failure & Success Stories – E-Commerce, is it Product/Business Sensitive? Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Management Concerns • The Need for Network – Requirement Analysis • Size of Organization and activities • Business needs – Alliances – Geographical operations – Integration & Control • Hardware/Software Choice • Vendor Selection – ISPs, Communication Media Vendors • Telecommunication & Networking Issues – Security • Telecommunication devices and the access – Privacy – Maintenance • Keeping the blood flowing in the Network • Question regarding new technologies and Disaster recovery Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best Concerns…. • Structural Changes • Cultural Changes – The issues of face-to-face interaction – To Cope with faster pace of activities • The need to respond accurately and precisely on the right time • Example of Backup Officer/ Information Officer • Backup Issues – You can’t simply rely on the Continuity of the Network – Need to develop alternatives • Both in the context of technology and strategies – Many Factors • Failure of Technology • Inability of the Users • Special Situations Copyright [email protected] Skill Development at it’s Best References • Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 8 • Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapters 5 & 6 • James O’Brien. (1998). “Introduction to Information Systems: A Networked Enterprise Perspective”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 5, 6, 7 Copyright [email protected]