Download Water c11 spring 2011

Water
Chapter 11
11-1 Water Resources
Objectives
1. Describe the distribution of Earth’s water
resources.
2. Explain why fresh water is one of Earth’s
limited resources.
3. Describe the distribution of Earth’s surface
water.
4. Describe the relationship between
groundwater and surface water in a
watershed.
Water Resources


Water is essential to life on Earth.
Two kinds of water found on Earth:
•
•

Fresh water
Salt water
Most human uses for water, such as drinking
and agriculture, require fresh water.
Water Cycle
Water
is a renewable resource
but freshwater is limited
Evaporation – condensation –
precipitation-transpiration
The Water Cycle
Global Water Distribution
Saltwater
Freshwater
97%
3%
Surface Water
Fresh water on Earth’s land
surface
Cities build near rivers and
major bodies of water
Supply drinking water,
irrigation water, power,
transpiration, etc.
Rivers
Largest:
Amazon River
Watersheds: area of
land drained by a river
Watersheds
Groundwater
 Water
beneath the Earth’s Surface
 Water table
 Water reaches a level where rocks and
soil or saturated
 Half
of the United States population and
97% of rural residents depend on
groundwater for their daily drinking
water

Groundwater
The Recharge Zone
Aquifers
Underground
formations
that contain water
rock, sand, and gravel
Spore spaces in the rocks
act like a sponge to hold
water
Example:
Ogallala Aquifer in the
Plains of US
Holds 4 quadrillion liters of
water (enough to cover US with
.5 meters of water!)
More than 174,000 sq miles
porosity
amount
particles
of space between
 Permeability

ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids
pass through it open spaces or pores.
Use
of wells
Used for irrigation,
drinking water, etc.
The main issues regarding groundwater
in the Western half of the United States
are that:




The depletion rate is much higher than the recharge
rate.
There is groundwater contamination.
High groundwater depletion rates harm ecosystems
which is detrimental to biodiversity.
States' groundwater regulations are too lenient and do
not consider the multi-state nature of the resource.

Water our most precious resource
11-2 Water Use and
Management
Objectives
1. Identify patterns of global water use.
2. Explain how water is treated so that it can be used
for drinking.
3. Identify how water is used in homes, in industry,
and in agriculture.
4. Describe how dams and water diversion projects
are used to manage freshwater resources.
5. Identify five ways that water can be conserved.
 Shortage
of fresh water is a huge
environmental problem
 WHO
states that 1 billion people
world wide lack access to clean
water
 Global
Use
Residential
Agriculture
Industrial
Most
fresh water is used for
irrigation
Residential
In
the US the ave. person
uses 300 L (80 G) / day
India only uses 41 L
Daily
usage/person
Lawns
Toilet
Baths
Brush Teeth
Cleaning
Cooking
Other
95L
90L
70L
10L
20L
10L
5L
Water Treatment
Water
is treated to make it
potable (drinkable)
Removes mercury, arsenic,
and lead (poisonous)
Pathogens (make you sick)
Treatment
process
1st filtration removes “big
chunks”
Coagulation – addition of
alum that bacteria clump to
then sink to the bottom)
nd
2 Filtration uses sand,
gravel, and coal filters to
remove other impurities
Chlorination
prevents
bacteria contamination
Aeration forces air to remove
gases and improve smells
Additional treatment for
taste

Charleston's Water Treatment Process
 Industrial
Water use
19% of water used in the world
Used in manufacturing,
disposal, power generation,
cooling
 Agriculture
300
L used for 1 Ear of Corn to
grow
Water used for irrigation
67% of world’s water usage
Water management practice
 Roman
Aqueducts
French
 Water
and Spanish canals
Diversion
Diverts
water from major
rivers
Colorado River

http://www.charlestonwater.com/wastewater_p
rocess_large.htm
 Dams
and Reservoirs
Dams are structures that are
used to control river flow
Reservoirs hold water behind
dams
Used to create power,
irrigation, drinking water
Problems:
fertile sediment is
trapped, natural flow of river
stopped, flooded land, failed
dams
 Water
Conservation
different types of irrigation
(drip)
Industry is recycling water
used
Home
How can you conserve water
usage at home????
 Future
Desalination
– very costly;
heats salt water and collects
water that evaporates
Transportation of fresh water
– Icebergs
11-3 Water Pollution
Objectives
1. Compare point-source pollution and nonpointsource pollution.
2. Classify water pollutants by five types.
3. Explain why groundwater pollution is difficult to
clean.
4. Describe the major sources of ocean pollution, and
explain the effects of pollution on ecosystems.
5. Describe six major laws designed to improve water
quality in the United States.
Water Pollution
Introduction
of chemical,
physical, or biological agents
into water that degrades
quality
Main causes: industrialization
and population growth
 Sources
Point-Source
Pollution
Discharge from a single
source
Septic
tanks, leaky storage
lagoons, unlined landfills,
leaky underground
chemical storage tanks,
abandoned mine water,
discharge from treatment
plants
Non
point pollution
Many different sources
Road chemicals (salt, etc),
streets (gas, antifreeze),
pesticides, herbicides,
refrigerator and air
conditioner coolants,
livestock feed yards, acid
rain, construction sites,
oil/ gas from boats
 Pollutant
Types
Pathogens
Organics
Inorganics
Heavy metals
Physical agents
 Waste
Water
Water is treated enough to
release it back into lakes and
streams
Sludge is usually burned

Waste Water Treatment
 Artificial
Eutrophication
Caused by humans
Acceleration of natural process
Caused by extra nutrients
being added to bodies of water
 Thermal
Pollution
Temperature of body of water
increases
Reduces levels of dissolved
Oxygen so fish will die
 Groundwater
Pollution
Percolates from surface
Can come from underground
storage tanks
Hard to clean up because
recharge is slow
 Ocean
pollution
Oils spills
Cruise ships
7 billion kg of garbage is
dumped every year!
85% of ocean pollutions comes
from activities on land (oils,
pesticides, fertilizers)

Ocean pollution
Rena Oil Spill, New Zealand
Three oiled rockhopper penguins on the Tristan da Cunha island chain.
Thousands of endangered penguins have been coated with oil after a cargo
ship ran aground and broke up on a remote British South Atlantic territory.