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Water Chapter 11 11-1 Water Resources Objectives 1. Describe the distribution of Earth’s water resources. 2. Explain why fresh water is one of Earth’s limited resources. 3. Describe the distribution of Earth’s surface water. 4. Describe the relationship between groundwater and surface water in a watershed. Water Resources Water is essential to life on Earth. Two kinds of water found on Earth: • • Fresh water Salt water Most human uses for water, such as drinking and agriculture, require fresh water. Water Cycle Water is a renewable resource but freshwater is limited Evaporation – condensation – precipitation-transpiration The Water Cycle Global Water Distribution Saltwater Freshwater 97% 3% Surface Water Fresh water on Earth’s land surface Cities build near rivers and major bodies of water Supply drinking water, irrigation water, power, transpiration, etc. Rivers Largest: Amazon River Watersheds: area of land drained by a river Watersheds Groundwater Water beneath the Earth’s Surface Water table Water reaches a level where rocks and soil or saturated Half of the United States population and 97% of rural residents depend on groundwater for their daily drinking water Groundwater The Recharge Zone Aquifers Underground formations that contain water rock, sand, and gravel Spore spaces in the rocks act like a sponge to hold water Example: Ogallala Aquifer in the Plains of US Holds 4 quadrillion liters of water (enough to cover US with .5 meters of water!) More than 174,000 sq miles porosity amount particles of space between Permeability ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through it open spaces or pores. Use of wells Used for irrigation, drinking water, etc. The main issues regarding groundwater in the Western half of the United States are that: The depletion rate is much higher than the recharge rate. There is groundwater contamination. High groundwater depletion rates harm ecosystems which is detrimental to biodiversity. States' groundwater regulations are too lenient and do not consider the multi-state nature of the resource. Water our most precious resource 11-2 Water Use and Management Objectives 1. Identify patterns of global water use. 2. Explain how water is treated so that it can be used for drinking. 3. Identify how water is used in homes, in industry, and in agriculture. 4. Describe how dams and water diversion projects are used to manage freshwater resources. 5. Identify five ways that water can be conserved. Shortage of fresh water is a huge environmental problem WHO states that 1 billion people world wide lack access to clean water Global Use Residential Agriculture Industrial Most fresh water is used for irrigation Residential In the US the ave. person uses 300 L (80 G) / day India only uses 41 L Daily usage/person Lawns Toilet Baths Brush Teeth Cleaning Cooking Other 95L 90L 70L 10L 20L 10L 5L Water Treatment Water is treated to make it potable (drinkable) Removes mercury, arsenic, and lead (poisonous) Pathogens (make you sick) Treatment process 1st filtration removes “big chunks” Coagulation – addition of alum that bacteria clump to then sink to the bottom) nd 2 Filtration uses sand, gravel, and coal filters to remove other impurities Chlorination prevents bacteria contamination Aeration forces air to remove gases and improve smells Additional treatment for taste Charleston's Water Treatment Process Industrial Water use 19% of water used in the world Used in manufacturing, disposal, power generation, cooling Agriculture 300 L used for 1 Ear of Corn to grow Water used for irrigation 67% of world’s water usage Water management practice Roman Aqueducts French Water and Spanish canals Diversion Diverts water from major rivers Colorado River http://www.charlestonwater.com/wastewater_p rocess_large.htm Dams and Reservoirs Dams are structures that are used to control river flow Reservoirs hold water behind dams Used to create power, irrigation, drinking water Problems: fertile sediment is trapped, natural flow of river stopped, flooded land, failed dams Water Conservation different types of irrigation (drip) Industry is recycling water used Home How can you conserve water usage at home???? Future Desalination – very costly; heats salt water and collects water that evaporates Transportation of fresh water – Icebergs 11-3 Water Pollution Objectives 1. Compare point-source pollution and nonpointsource pollution. 2. Classify water pollutants by five types. 3. Explain why groundwater pollution is difficult to clean. 4. Describe the major sources of ocean pollution, and explain the effects of pollution on ecosystems. 5. Describe six major laws designed to improve water quality in the United States. Water Pollution Introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrades quality Main causes: industrialization and population growth Sources Point-Source Pollution Discharge from a single source Septic tanks, leaky storage lagoons, unlined landfills, leaky underground chemical storage tanks, abandoned mine water, discharge from treatment plants Non point pollution Many different sources Road chemicals (salt, etc), streets (gas, antifreeze), pesticides, herbicides, refrigerator and air conditioner coolants, livestock feed yards, acid rain, construction sites, oil/ gas from boats Pollutant Types Pathogens Organics Inorganics Heavy metals Physical agents Waste Water Water is treated enough to release it back into lakes and streams Sludge is usually burned Waste Water Treatment Artificial Eutrophication Caused by humans Acceleration of natural process Caused by extra nutrients being added to bodies of water Thermal Pollution Temperature of body of water increases Reduces levels of dissolved Oxygen so fish will die Groundwater Pollution Percolates from surface Can come from underground storage tanks Hard to clean up because recharge is slow Ocean pollution Oils spills Cruise ships 7 billion kg of garbage is dumped every year! 85% of ocean pollutions comes from activities on land (oils, pesticides, fertilizers) Ocean pollution Rena Oil Spill, New Zealand Three oiled rockhopper penguins on the Tristan da Cunha island chain. Thousands of endangered penguins have been coated with oil after a cargo ship ran aground and broke up on a remote British South Atlantic territory.