Download Male/Female Reproductive Systems PP

The Reproductive
Systems
The Endocrine System
Endocrine System
• Regulates long-term changes
in the body, such as growth
and development.
Endocrine Glands
• Produce and release chemical
substances that signal
changes in other parts of the
body.
The Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands release substances directly into
the bloodstream, and then the blood carries those
substances throughout the body. These chemical
substances are known as hormones.
• The pituitary gland releases the hormones FSH and
LH, which travel to the reproductive glands (ovaries
and testes) that release sex hormones and this
signals the start of puberty.
Puberty
Puberty
• the period of sexual development during which a
person becomes sexually mature and physically
able to reproduce.
• It is also a time when an adolescent experiences
mental and emotional changes, as well as,
increased sexual feelings.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• the physical changes caused by sex hormones
that develop during puberty, but are not directly
involved in reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
In girls
• Voice deepens, breasts develop, skin releases more oils,
hips widen, body fat increases, muscle strength increases,
release of mature eggs, body hair appears, and
perspiration increases.
In boys
• Muscle strength increases, body hair appears, shoulders
broaden, skin releases more oils, hair appears on face and
chest, perspiration increases, voice deepens, and mature
sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
• The functions of the female reproductive
system are to produce sex hormones, to
produce eggs, and to provide a nourishing
environment in which a fertilized egg can
develop into a baby.
Which Sex Activity?
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Place the Following Parts on the
Diagram
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Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Pubic Bone
Labia Majora
Labia Minora
- Clitoris
- Hymen
- Bladder
- Urethra
- Rectum
- Anus
Internal Organs
Ovaries
• the reproductive glands in which eggs are
produced.
Two important functions of the ovaries:
• Produce the female sex hormones estrogen
and progesterone
• Release mature egg cells, a process known
as ovulation
Female Sex Hormones
Estrogen
• the sex hormone that activates certain
physical changes at puberty, such as breast
development and controls the maturation
of eggs.
Progesterone
• activates changes to a woman’s
reproductive system before and during
pregnancy.
Internal Organs
Fallopian Tubes
• are two passageways that carry eggs away from
the ovaries.
• When the ovary releases an egg during ovulation,
the fingerlike ends of the fallopian tube draw the
egg into the tube.
• Tiny hair like extensions called cilia line the tube
and sweep the egg towards the uterus.
• If sperm are present around the egg, it may be
fertilized.
• Fertilization - the process of a sperm cell joining
with an egg.
Fallopian Tube
Internal Organs
Uterus
• is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in which a
fertilized egg develops and grows.
• It has several layers of tissue and a rich supply of
blood that protects and nourishes a developing
baby. This lining also sheds during the process of
menstruation.
• The narrow base of the uterus is called the cervix.
When a baby is ready to be born, the cervix dilates
(softens and expands) to allow the baby to pass
through the vagina.
Fallopian Tube
Internal Organs
Vagina
• is a hollow muscular passage leading from the
uterus to the outside of the body.
• Sperm enter the female’s body through the
vagina and during childbirth the baby passes
out of the mother’s body through the vagina,
which is also known as the birth canal.
• http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/fe
male_repro.html
Fallopian Tube
External Organs
Mons pubis
• is a soft, fatty tissue at the base of the
abdomen on top of the pubic bone. At
puberty, the mons pubis becomes covered
with pubic hair.
• Below the mons pubis and surrounding the
vaginal opening are two folds of soft skin.
Fallopian Tube
Mons Pubis=
Layer of fatty
tissue over the
pubic bone
External Organs
Labia majora
• the outer folds of skin that are covered
with pubic hair.
Labia minora
• the inner folds of skin that contain many
nerve endings and blood vessels.
Fallopian Tube
Labia Minora
Labia Majora
External Organs
Clitoris
• is a highly sensitive organ that is located within
the inner labia.
• It contains many nerve endings and blood vessels,
which play a role in female sexual arousal.
• Just below the clitoris is a small opening that
leads to the urethra, the tube through which
urine leaves the body.
• Below the urethral opening is the separate
opening to the vagina.
Fallopian Tube
Labia Minora
Labia Majora
External Organs
Hymen
• the thin membrane that may partly cover the
vaginal opening.
• The hymen usually has several openings in it,
which allow for the passage of menstrual flow.
The hymen may tear for various reasons:
• vigorous exercise, tampon insertion, or sexual
intercourse. Also, some girls are born without a
hymen.
• http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bo
dybasics_female_repro.html
Fallopian Tube
Labia Minora
Labia Majora
The Menstrual Cycle
• is a process during which an ovary releases
a mature egg that travels to the uterus; if
the egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining is
shed and a new cycle begins.
• On average the menstrual cycle lasts 28
days. However, cycles that are shorter or
longer can be normal for teens during
puberty.
Factors that can affect the
Menstrual Cycle
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Diet
Stress
Exercise
Weight gain
Weight loss
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
Days 1 – 4
• the uterine lining (blood and tissue) is shed during
menstruation.
• A menstrual period lasts about 3 to 5 days. Most
women wear either a maxi pad or tampon to
absorb the flow.
Days 5 –13
• an egg matures in one of the ovaries, and the
uterine lining thickens.
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
Days 14 – 15
• the ovary releases the mature egg during
ovulation. This is the time when a female is most
fertile, or able to become pregnant.
Days 16 – 22
• the egg travels through the fallopian tube to the
uterus and the uterine lining continues to thicken
and the blood supply to it increases.
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
Days 23 – 28
• the unfertilized egg enters the uterus and
the uterine lining starts to break down.
Then the cycle starts again.
• http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bo
dybasics_female_repro.html
This was all for a 28 day cycle….
In order to find when a woman is most fertile:
• Step 1. Find the date the woman knows she will get her period
– If she is unsure, there is no way to tell when she is most
fertile.
• Step 2. Find how many days are in her cycle
• This could be anywhere from 20-35
• Step 3. Take this number and divide by 2 to split the number of
days in her cycle in half.
• Step 4. Take the date she knows she will get her period, and
subtract the number you got in step two (half the length of her
cycle).
Example
• Q: If Jan has a 20 day menstrual cycle,
knows she will get her period on June 19th,
when is she most fertile?
• A 20 day cycle means that her halfway
point in her cycle is at day 10. (NOT JUNE
10TH).
• If she is scheduled to get period on June
19th, that means we need to
subtract ten days to find her most
fertile day= June 9th-June 10th
are the most fertile days
“Sperm ejaculated into a woman's vagina can
live in a woman's cervical mucus or upper
genital tract for three to five days.
Fertilization is possible as long as the sperm
remain alive.
Sperm ejaculated outside the body might
survive in semen — the fluid released during
ejaculation — up to a few hours.”
-Mayo Clinic
“As you might already know, in order for conception
to take place, at least one healthy and vigorous sperm
must be waiting in the Fallopian tube at the moment
that ovulation occurs, and must be able to fertilize
the egg within 12-24 hours of the egg being released
from the ovary.”
-AmericanPregnancy
This means, if sperm is not present BEFORE
ovulation, it must be there within ONE DAY after
ovulation to be able to fertilize the egg.
• Q: If Jan has a 20 day menstrual cycle,
knows she will get her period on June 19th,
when is she most fertile? List all the
“definitely unsafe” days.
• To find the unsafe safe days, take the first
date where she is most fertile, subtract 5
days, then take the second day she is most
fertile, and add a day.
• You should have a span of 8
definitely unsafe days.
Menstrual Discomfort
Cramps
• are caused by contractions of the uterus during
the menstrual period.
Ways to relieve cramps:
• Moderate exercise
• Warm bath
• Heating pad on the abdomen
• Take aspirin or ibuprofen
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
• Discomfort or symptoms that some women
experience a week to 10 days before their
menstrual period.
• This is caused by the dramatic change in hormone
levels prior to menstruation.
• Symptoms include: nervous tension, mood
swings, headaches, bloating, or irritability.
Ways to reduce symptoms of PMS:
• Reduce intake of salt, sugar, and caffeine
• Get regular exercise
• Stress reduction techniques
Old-School Period Planning
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Softened papyrus (ancient Egypt)
Lint wrapped around wood (ancient Greece)
Paper (ancient Japan)
“Bird's Eye," absorbent cotton (1800s-1900s
America)
• Cellulose bandages (France, early 1900s)
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
• A rare, but serious medical condition that is
caused by a bacterial infection and is associated
with tampon use.
• Symptoms include: high fever, rash,
vomiting, diarrhea and dizziness.
• To reduce the risk of TSS, women should use
tampons with the lowest possible absorbency for
their needs and change tampons often.
Keeping Healthy:
Caring for the female reproductive system
• Cleanliness or proper hygiene
• Sexual abstinence to avoid STI’s and
unplanned pregnancy
• Prompt treatment for infections
o Vaginitis: a vaginal infection caused by yeast or
bacteria
Consult your doctor for diagnosis and
appropriate treatment.
Urinary Tract Infection
-When germs get into your urinary system by way of the urethra, it can
cause infection that can sometimes travel to the bladder if it is not treated
right away. If you do not take care of a bladder infection, it can spread to
your kidneys. A kidney infection is serious and can cause permanent
damage.
What causes urinary tract infections?
•The germs that usually cause these infections live in your large intestine
and are found in your stool. If these germs get inside your urethra, they can
travel up into your bladder and kidneys and cause an infection.
•Women tend to get more bladder infections than men. (shorter urethras)
•Having sex can make it easier for germs to get into your urethra.
•You may be more likely to get an infection if you do not drink enough
fluids, you have diabetes, or you are pregnant.
Urinary Tract Infections
Symptoms…
Call your doctor
right away if you experience bolded:
• You feel pain or burning when you urinate.
• You feel like you have to urinate often, but not much
urine comes out when you do.
• Your belly feels tender or heavy.
• Your urine is cloudy or smells bad.
• You have pain on one side of your back under your ribs.
This is where your kidneys are.
• You have fever and chills.
• You have nausea and vomiting.
Keeping Healthy:
Caring for the female reproductive system
• Breast Self Exam
• Consult a doctor for heavy bleeding during
menstruation
• Period stops completely after being regular
• Bleeding in between regular periods
• Yearly Pelvic Exam
Keeping Healthy:
Caring for the female reproductive system
• Medical Check-ups:
Pap Smear: a medical procedure in which a
sample of cells is taken from the cervix and
examined under a microscope to check for
cervical cancer.
Recommended for those over 21 every other year.
Pelvic Exam: an internal exam where a doctor
checks the uterus and ovaries.
Recommended yearly for women who are sexually active.
-Exam: Detection and treatment of other reproductive
problems, such as: ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and infertility.
Male Reproductive System
• The functions of the male reproductive
system are to produce sex hormones, to
produce and store sperm, and to deliver
sperm to the female reproductive system.
Male R.S.
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Penis
Glans Penis
Foreskin
Scrotum
Testes
Vas Deferens
Epididymis
Urethra
-Bladder
-Seminal Vesicles
-Prostate Gland
-Cowper’s Gland
-Ejaculatory Duct
External Organs
Penis
-the external sexual organ through which sperm leave
the body.
• The Glans Penis is the bulbous head or tip of
the penis
• The tip of the penis is covered with loose skin,
called the foreskin.
• Some males have the foreskin removed shortly
after birth. This surgical procedure is called
circumcision.
Penis
External Organs
Scrotum
• a sac of skin that contains the testes and
regulates their temperature.
• The testes temperature is a few degrees
lower than the temperature inside the
body, this allows the sperm to develop
properly and stay alive.
Penis
Internal Organs
Testes
• the male reproductive glands that produce sperm
and testosterone.
Sperm
• are the male reproductive cells.
Testosterone
• the sex hormone that affects the production of
sperm and signals physical changes at puberty,
such as growth of facial hair.
Penis
Testes
The Pathway of Sperm
• Sperm are produced in the testes. They
mature and are stored in the epididymis.
• Sperm travel through the vas deferens to
the seminal vesicles. The vas deferens is
lined with cilia to help the sperm move.
Penis
Testes
The Pathway of Sperm
• Seminal vesicles add a fluid that provides a
source of energy for the active sperm.
• The prostate gland adds a fluid that
protects the sperm.
• The Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral glands)
add a fluid that protects sperm from acidic
conditions in the urethra.
Penis
Testes
The Pathway of Sperm
Semen
• the mixture of sperm cells and fluids from the
seminal vesicles, prostate gland and
Bulbourethral glands.
Urethra
• a tube that passes through the penis to the
outside of the body. It carries urine and sperm,
but not at the same time.
• http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/ma
le_repro.html
Penis
Testes
Release of Sperm
Ejaculation
• the ejection of semen from the penis. It
occurs when the penis is in an erect state.
Erection
• the state in which the penis becomes larger
and stiffer as chambers in it become filled
with blood.
Penis
Testes
Keeping Healthy:
Caring for the male reproductive system
• Cleanliness or proper hygiene
• Sexual abstinence to avoid STI’s
• Protection from Trauma
o Wear a “cup” during athletic activities
Pathway of Sperm Activity
Where the sperm is created
1st
2nd
All together
3rd
=….
Where it is released
Lastly
Keeping Healthy:
Caring for the male reproductive system
• Be careful when lifting heavy objects
Hernia: pressure in the abdomen during
lifting can push a loop of the intestines
out of the abdominal cavity.
Inguinal hernia: when part of the
intestine pushes into the scrotum.
surgery is needed to correct the
problem.
Keeping Healthy:
Caring for the male reproductive system
• Use caution during strenuous exercise
Testicular torsion: the twisting of a
testis so that the blood vessels leading
to the testis also twists, cutting off the
blood supply.
*This is a medical emergency and surgery is
required to keep the testes alive.
Keeping Healthy:
Caring for the male reproductive system
• Testicular Self Exam
Testicular cancer is the most common
type of cancer in males between the
ages of 15 and 34.
• Consult a doctor for pain when urinating,
unusual discharges, or sores on genitals.
• Medical Check-ups
Detection and treatment for other
reproductive problems, such as: hernias,
prostate cancer, and infertility.