Download “The Times they are a-changin`.” Bob Dylan

“The Times they are achangin’.” Bob Dylan
1960s: An Era of Social Change
Vickie Looser
’60s: An Era of Social
Change
• Latinos fight for change
• Native Americans struggle for equality
• African-Americans lead the civil rights
movement
• Women’s movement pushes for equality
• Rebellious youth embrace counterculture
• Counterculture impacts fashion, fine arts,
and social attitudes
Latinos Fight for Change
• Large, diverse group of
Spanish-speaking
Americans
• 9 million by 1970
• Encounter ethnic prejudice
and discrimination in jobs
and housing
• Live in segregated barrios
or neighborhoods.
• 50% higher rate of
poverty and joblessness
than whites
empaz.org/marcelo/
images/latinos.JPG
Latinos demand Respect
•
•
•
•
•
Cesar Chavez led United Farm
Workers Movement to
improve pay and working
conditions for farm workers
“Brown power” movements
increase cultural pride
Bilingual Education of 1968
funds bilingual and cultural
heritage programs
Young Mexicans adopt
Chicano as symbol of ethnic
pride
Organize politically
Native Americans Unite
• Poorest Americans
• Highest
unemployment rate
• Health Problems:
tuberculosis,
alcoholism
• Termination
policies to
assimilate fail in
1950s
• Protesters demand
reform
www.fcvb.org/
html/npeople.html
African-Americans fight
Jim Crow System
• Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement
• 1950s: Fight against segregation
• Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
orders segregation in public schools, no
longer “separate but equal” doctrine
• Resistance in Southern states: de jure
segregation
• 1957 crisis in Little Rock to oppose
integration of Central High School
Civil Rights 1950s
• 1954: Montgomery
Bus Boycott Begun
by Rosa Parks
• Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. helped to
lead the
Montgomery
movement
www.africanamericans.com/
IHaveADream.htm
Civil Rights 1960s
education.ua.edu/civilrights/
tuscaloosa/album.html
• 1960 Sit-ins at
segregated lunch counters
• Freedom riders attacked
in Anniston, Alabama
• Integration of college
campuses
• Birmingham’s Children’s
Crusades for racial justice
• President Kennedy uses
federal troops to force
desegregation of U of AL
• Medgar Evars killed in
Mississippi
“I Have a Dream”
• 1963 March on Washington
• King’s speech appealed for peace and racial
harmony
• President Kennedy assassinated, President
Johnson endorsed Civil Rights Bill
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented
discrimination to all areas of public
accommodations
Freedom Summer, 1964
www.southernregion.fs.fed.us/.../
info-mac-projects.htm
• SNCC organized
voter registration
project
• Selma-toMontgomery march
to promote voting
rights movement
• Voting Rights Act
of 1965 eliminated
the literacy test
Changes in the Civil
Rights Movement
• Northern de facto segregation resulted in
urban violence
• Race riots in Harlem, Watts
• Demands for economic equality of
opportunity in jobs, housing, and education
• LBJ promotes his War on Poverty to
establish his Great Society Program
New Voices in Civil Rights
• Malcolm X and Black
Muslims promote Black
Pride
• “Ballots or bullets” became
new slogan
• Broke with Nation of Islam
and Elijah Muhammad
• Preached black superiority
and separation from whites
• Assassinated in 1965
www.krref.krefeld.schulen.net/
referate/englisch/r0439t00.htm
Radicalism in Civil Rights
•
•
•
•
www.congregationofcoolkids.com/
greenlantern.htm
Black Panthers organized in
1966 to fight police brutality
Advocated taking control of
communities in which Blacks
lived, full employment, and
decent housing
Adopted Mao Zedong’s slogan
“Power flows out of the barrel
of a gun”
Feared by whites who
objected to revolutionary
rhetoric
1968: Turning Point in
Civil Rights
• Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in
Memphis in April
• Urban rioting in major cities
• Kerner Commission stated major cause of
urban rioting to be white racism
• Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned
discrimination in housing
Civil Rights Gains by 1970
• 24th Amendment banned Poll Tax
• African-Americans expressed greater pride in
their racial identity
• More African Americans in movies, television
shows, and commercials
• 2/3 of African Americans registered to vote
• Increase in African Americans holding elected
office
• Affirmative action programs promoted hiring of
groups who suffered discrimination in the past
Women Fight for
Equality
www.bol.ucla.edu/~aferrara/
Women.htm
• Feminism promoted
economic, political, and
social equality with men
• 1961 Presidential
Commission reported wage
discrimination in the
workplace
• Women inspired by civil
rights and antiwar
movements
• Women shared in
“consciousness-raising”
sessions
The Feminine Mystique
• Betty Friedan’s
book exposed
discontent of U. S.
women
• Women’s
Liberation
movement achieved
political and social
gains for women
www.ktg-minden.de/msrap2000/
fp60iger.htm
NOW opposed sex
discrimination
•
•
•
•
www.now.org/cgi-bin/store/
MS-NR.html
•
Urged creation of more child
care facilities and improved
educational opportunities for
women
Pressured EEOC to enforce
ban on gender discrimination
in hiring
Staged protest at Miss
America pageant
Gloria Steinem founded
National Women’s Political
Caucus to encourage women to
seek political office
1972 Ban on gender
discrimination in higher
education
Roe v. Wade, 1973
• Supreme Court
ruled women had
the right to choose
an abortion in first
three months of
pregnancy
• Americans divided
over abortion issue
www.ajc.com/living/content/living/
special/roewade
Equal
Rights Amendment
• Guaranteed “equality of rights under the
law shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account
of sex.”
• Sparked fierce opposition
• Phyllis Schlafly led Stop-ERA campaign
• Ratified by 35 states, but needed 38
• Failed in ratification movement that ended
in 1982
www.sd4history.com/Unit9/era.htm
Gains by Women’s
Movement
• Opened up new
opportunities for American
women
• Created new opportunities
in education, employment,
and politics
• Women viewed their jobs
as lifetime careers
• “Glass ceiling” recognized
as an invisible, but real
resistance to promoting
women into top positions
www.cvhs.com/tgarrity/.../
CR32003/Cacalicr3/page%205.htm
“Tune in, turn on, drop
out.”—Timothy Leary
• Youth embrace
Counterculture
• Hippies criticize
American materialism,
technology, and war
• Many chose to protest
by leaving society to
live in communes
www.stedwards.edu/science/yohanan/.../
photographs.html
Age of Aquarius
• Desire an idyllic
setting of peace, love
and harmony
• Embrace rock ‘n’ roll
music, outrageous
clothes, and liberal
use of drugs
• Experiment with
marijuana and LSD
(acid)
www.stewartfamilykeepsakes.com/
Photos.html
“Do your own thing.”
• Hippies rejected the
establishment by
wearing outrageous
clothes
• Long hair and beards
for men
• Ragged jeans, tie-dyed
T-shirts, and surplus
military garments
• Beads and Native
American ornaments
www.jeffbickford.com/halloween/
1998/default.htm
Hippies adopt communal
lifestlyes
• Reject conventional home
life
• Adopt group living
arrangements
• Live together in
cooperation and harmony
• Escape to rural communes
or crowd together in urban
“crash pads”
• Hippie Capital—HaightAshbury district in San
Francisco
www.strangeroad.com/bucyrus/
Haight-Ashbury.htm
Lifestyle turns to violence
and disillusioment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Youths embrace new and different religious experiences
Zen Buddhism offered enlightenment though meditation, selfcontemplaation, and intuition
Spiritual guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India influenced many to
embrace transcendental meditation
Communities change to violence and disillusionment
Charles Manson and his “family” kill 5 in Hollywood
Widespread use of drugs led to overdoses, drug dependence, and
mental and physical breakdowns
Rock singer Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix died of drug
overdoses
Hippies ran out of resources to support themselves and turn to
panhandling, welfare, and food stamps
A Changing Culture
www.brinkmann-literatur.de/
Pop-Art3.html
www.artist-studiophuket.com/.../
pop-andy-warhol-campbells-
soup
• Andy Warhol led rise
of pop art
• Bright silk-screen
portraits of soup cans,
Marilyn Monroe and
other icons of mass
culture
• New art built around
popular culture
New Fashions
• Longer hair, beards,
mustaches for men
• Colorful and
comfortable clothes
for women
• Blue jeans become
wardrobe staple for
everyone
www.backwardglances.com/
groovyGear.htm
www.partypants.fsnet.co.uk/
fd_70smale.htm
British Invasion by the
Beatles
• Rock ‘n’ roll developed from AfricanAmerican rhythm and blues music
• Captivated the teenagers of the
1950s but evolved
• Led by the popularity of The Beatles
• Inspired numerous other bands
Woodstock Art and
Music Fair
• August, 1969 in upstate
New York
• Free music festival for 3
days and nights
• 400,000 show up for
“Human Be-in”
• Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin,
Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the
Grateful Dead, and
Jefferson Airplane
appeared on stage
www.sea.fi/esitykset/syksy98/
musiikki.html
Changing Social
Attitudes
• Sexual Revolution: view sexual behavior
and human relationships more casually
• Mass culture openly address former taboo
subjects
• Divorce rate doubled
• Homosexual organizations openly fight for
equal rights
• Hollywood produces more sexually explicit
films results in rating system for movies
Changes spawn
conservative backlash
• Casual and permissive social behavior
condemned by many
• Counterculture and antiwar
movement perceived as promoting
lawlessness and chaos
• Conservative backlash helped to elect
Richard Nixon
Bibliography
• Danzer, Gerald A. et al. The
Americans: Reconstruction through
the 20th Century. Dallas: McDougal
Little, 1999.
• Pictures retrieved from
Google.com/Images
1960s: An era of
change
Vickie Looser
Summer, 2004