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Chapter 20
The Industrial Revolution and Its
Impact on European Society
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain
Origins
Agricultural revolution
• New methods of farming & breeding increased food
production
• British families saved $ on food, so they could now buy
manufactured goods
• Population growth and surplus of labor
Capital for investment
• Britain had money to invest in industrialized machines
• Advanced banking and credit system – developed financial
system
• Entrepreneur spirit in Great Britain
• Entrepreneurs sought and accepted new profitable
manufacturing methods
Mineral resources
• Supply of coal & iron ore needed to run machines
• Short distances for shipping resources
• Private and public investment built up infrastructure
 Roads, bridges, canals, railroads etc.
Government favorable to business
• Stable govn’t and enforced property rights
• Little restrictions on private enterprise
Markets
• Vast colonial empire provided a market for
manufactured goods
Possible Test Question
Britain’s emergence as the first industrial power
was aided by all of the following except
A rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor.
The agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century.
A ready supply of domestic and colonial markets.
Parliament’s heavy and controlling involvements in
private enterprise.
A developed financial system.
Possible Test Question
The infrastructure advantages in Britain
promoting rapid industrialization included
all of the following except
Canals.
Roads.
Bridges.
Internal customs posts.
Railroads.
Technological Changes and New
Forms of Industrial Organization
Cotton Industry
Richard Arkwright’s Water frame – use of hydro power
Crompton’s mule
• Combined aspects of the water frame & the
Spinning Jenny to increase yarn production
Hargreaves’ spinning jenny – created cheap mass
quantities of yarn
Edmund Cartwright’s power looms, 1787
• Allowed weaving of cloth to catch up with spinning
of yarn
• Water powered machines made rivers key locations
for production
Possible Test Question
Which of the following inventions proved
vital to the industrialization of British
cotton manufacturing?
Arkwright’s water frame.
Hargreaves’ spinning jenny.
Cartwright’s power loom.
A and B.
All of the above.
The Steam engine
James Watt (1736-1819)
• Developed the steam engine powered by coal which
increased productivity
• Initially developed to pump water from mines
 Watt later developed a rotary engine that could spin and
weave cotton
• Steam engines did not need to be located by rivers development of factories
• Coal production quadrupled from 1815 to 1850 to
keep up with demand
• Factories could run around the clock
Possible Test Question
The invention of the steam engine in Britain
was initially triggered by
The textile industry’s demand for new sources
of power.
Problems in the mining industry.
The railroad industry’s call for a more efficient
source of power.
The need for a more efficient mode of power
for English ships.
C and D.
Water Frame
Water frame powered by
wheel
Water wheel
Crompton’s Mule –
combined water frame
& spinning Jenny
Spinning Jenny- multiple
spindles off of one wheel
The Iron Industry
Puddling, melting the iron, stirring it, and forming it into bars
• Developed by Henry Cort
• Produced a higher quality iron
A Revolution in Transportation: Railroad
• Richard Trevithick’s locomotive
 1st Steam powered
• George Stephenson’s Rocket
 1st public railway line (32 miles long) went 16MPH
Britain was the European leader in civil and mechanical
engineering
The Industrial Factory
Workers were wage earners instead of entrepreneurs
Workers were forced to work regular hours in shifts
• Major change from agrarian work
• Workers were disciplined with fines, dismissal or beatings
Possible Test Question
The development of such superior
locomotives as the Rocket, used on the first
public railway lines, is attributed to
Timothy Faulkner
George Stephenson.
Richard Trevithick.
Walter Zofrin.
Ian Botham.
Possible Test Question
The development of the railroads in the
Industrial Revolution was important in
Increasing British supremacy in civil and
mechanical engineering.
Increasing the size of markets and the price of
goods.
Bringing about the demise of joint-stock
companies.
Defeating Napoleon.
Making London a great port city.
A Boulton and Watt Steam Engine
Railroad Line from Liverpool to
Manchester “Rocket”
A British Textile Factory
The Great Exhibition:
Britain in 1851
Crystal Palace
Covered 19 acres, 100,000 exhibits
Showcased products of the industrial revolution
Great Exhibition
Displayed Britain’s wealth
Britain: “workshop, banker, and trader of the
world”
It produced ½ of the world’s coal & manufactured
goods
By 1851, Britain’s cotton industry was equal to all other
European countries combined
Possible Test Question
The Great Exhibition of 1851
Showed how the Industrial Revolution had produced
wealth from the coal mines of England.
Displayed Great Britain’s industrial wealth to the
world.
Was housed in the Royal Palace, a tribute to French
engineering skills.
Showed British agricultural technology to the world.
Was modeled upon the Parisian Exhibition of 1815.
Map 20.1: The
Industrial
Revolution in
Britain by
1850
The Pace of Industrialization on the
Continent
Obstacles to Rapid Industrialization
Lack of a transportation system
• Didn’t have good roads or river transit
Upheavals of war
• French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
• Weakened political and social stability
• Loss of manpower
Traditional habits of business
• Guild restrictions, toll stations
Possible Test Question
One of the chief reasons why Europe
initially lagged behind England in
industrialization was a lack of
Banking facilities.
Roads and means of transportation.
Manpower.
Capital for investment.
Lack of ambition.
Government’s Role
Spurs to Industrialization
Borrowing of techniques and practices
• Until 1825, British artisans were prohibited from
leaving the country
Government support – larger role in
industrialization in Continental Europe
• provided technical education, awarded grants to
inventors, funded factories, improved infrastructure,
imposed tariffs
Joint-stock investment banks
• Continental banks began investing money in
railroads, mines, factories with limited liability to
their shareholders
Possible Test Question
One of the differences between British and
Continental industrialization was that
Government played a larger role in British
industrialization.
Britain relied upon railroads while Continental
nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
Government played a larger role in Continental
industrialization.
Continental industrialization relied more upon
textile manufacturing than did Britain.
None of the above.
The Spread of Industrialization
Centers of Continental Industrialization
Continental Europe was a decade behind Great Britain
Centered around cotton manufacturing
Began first in:
• Belgium
• France
• Germany
Impact of the steam engine
Iron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and
France
Belgium and Germany were the first Continental
countries to develop comprehensive railroad systems
Industrial Revolution in the U.S.
Borrowing from Britain
• Samuel Slater- British immigrant who used water-powered spinning
machines to establish the first textile factory in US in 1790
• American system – use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing
Transportation network
• Due to geographic size, transportation was a key factor in U.S.
industrialization
• Most important development was the railroad
 US had 100 miles of track in 1830
 By 1860 they had 27,000 miles of track
 U.S. moved from rural to urban
Labor
• European immigrants provided a cheap labor force
• Unskilled labor pool forced capital-intensive industrialization (owners
had to invest in machines to compensate)
• Women were employed in textile mills and factories
• Industrialization didn’t provide social mobility
• By 1860, wealthiest 10% controlled 70 to 80% of wealth compared to
50% of the wealth in 1800
Possible Test Question
The initial application of machinery to
production in the United States was
Entirely the result of American inventors and
inventions.
By borrowing from Great Britain.
By learning from the mistakes made in France
and doing the opposite.
To use only adult males as factory workers.
To employ slaves in the new southern cotton
mills.
Possible Test Question
By 1860 what percent of the population in
cities held 70 to 80% of the wealth in
America?
10 percent
25 percent
40 percent
60 percent
80 percent
Possible Test Question
The so-called American System was
High tariffs to protect new industries.
The use of interchangeable parts in
manufacturing.
A common market for the western hemisphere.
Free trade and the absence of tariffs.
Wage and price controls.
Map 20.2: The Industrialization of
Europe by 1850
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization
in the Nonindustrialized World
Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized
industry
Eastern Europe remained largely rural and
agricultural
Exported raw materials for manufactured goods
India spinners and handloom weavers were put out
of work
Britain imported cheap manufactured goods which
undermined home made businesses in the colonies
The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth
Decline of the death rate (famine, epidemics, war) &
increase in food supply
• Agricultural revolution all but ended famine
By 1850, European population was over 265 million
The Great Hunger (Exception to increase in food supply)
Irish population growth
• Grew from 4 to 8 million between 1781 & 1845
Reliance on the potato
Potato crop fails, 1845-1851
Over 1 million died of starvation and disease
Over 2 million emigrated to U.S.
Ireland became the only European nation with a
declining population in the 19th century
Emigration close to a million Germans also moved
The Growth of Cities
Rapid, unplanned, growth
Move from rural to urban – left the countryside looking
for work in cities
• Direct result of industrialization
Possible Test Question
By 1850, the European population
Could not be closely approximated as
government statistics were not yet kept.
Was close to figures from 1800.
Was over 50 million.
Was over 150 million.
Was over 265 million.
Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution
Cities and suburbs
• Sprang up fast with little planning
• Quickly became overcrowded
Unsanitary conditions
• Waste flowed through the gutters
Crowding
• Rise in prostitution, crime, & sexual immorality
Adulteration of food
• Chemicals were added to food and drinks were watered down
Urban Reformers
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890)
• Advocated a system of modern sanitary reform
• Resulted in first Public Health Act
• Use of drainage - sewers
• Piped water
Possible Test Question
Edwin Chadwick
Was a leader in expressing the dislike of the
middle class for the working poor.
Wrote the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages.
Advocated modern sanitary reforms that
resulted in Britain’s first Public Health Act.
Was representative of the new entrepreneurial,
industrial class.
Opposed any and all government involvement
in economic and social issues.
New Social Classes:
The Industrial Middle Class
The New Industrial Entrepreneurs
Industrialists emerge as a dominant industrial class
Challenges of industrialization
Resourceful individuals with diverse social
backgrounds
Members of dissenting religious minorities prominent
• Many religions were exempt from public office so they
focused their attention on business
Participation of aristocrats in Britain
Significance
Rise of the new business aristocracy
• Grew to significance that would rival the landed aristocracy
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age
Factory workers a minority of the working class
Artisans and Craftspeople: largest group of urban workers
in the first half of the century
Working Conditions
Cotton mills – worst conditions due to heat and
hazardous air
Coal mines
Child labor – low paid and small size made them ideal
to work with large machines
Pauper apprentices- orphans
Women – did not affect overall gender relationships in
regards to women working across social classes
Standards of Living
Benefited the middle class
More disparity between wealth of upper and
lower classes
Led to an overall increase in purchasing power
for the working classes
Efforts at Change
Efforts at Change: The Workers
Robert Owen (1771-1858), Utopian Socialism
• Social reformer who pushed to unite unions
• Advocated an 8 hour work day
Workers looked to form unions
Luddites
• skilled craftspeople who attacked the machines they believed
threatened their livelihoods (British)
The People’s Charter (Chartists) British Workers
movement
• Demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of
Parliament, elimination of property requirements for members
of Parliament & annual sessions of Parliament
• Attempted to institute change by peaceful, constitutional
means
• Provided working-class with sense of consciousness
Possible Test Question
The Luddites
Received little support in their areas of activity.
Destroyed industrial machines that destroyed
their livelihood.
Were composed of the lowest unskilled workers
in Great Britain.
Was the first movement of working-class
consciousness of the Continent.
Demanded the establishment of a socialist
economy.
Possible Test Question
The Chartist movement in Britain
Was the skilled craftsmen’s attempt to destroy
industrial machinery.
Gave millions of working-class men and
women a sense of working-class consciousness.
Coerced Parliament into instituting universal
male suffrage.
Led to violent revolution.
Ended with the accession of Queen Victoria to
the throne.
Efforts at Change: Reformers and
Government
Factory Act of 1833
• No more than 12 hour work days for kids
• Required daily education for kids
Coal Mines Act, 1842
• Eliminated employment of women and children in
mines
Factories would be inspected and fined