Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download KEY TERMS Industrial Revolution agricultural revolution (eighteenth
Document related concepts
Transcript
Name ________________________________________ Chapter 24 Reading Guide The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 KEY TERMS Industrial Revolution agricultural revolution (eighteenth century) mass production Josiah Wedgwood division of labor mechanization Richard Arkwright Crystal Palace steam engine James Watt electric telegraph business cycle laissez faire positivism utopian socialism CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION List 5 preconditions of the Industrial Revolution Population List two causes of the population growth of the eighteenth century. What was unique about Britain’s population in the early 19th century? The Agricultural Revolution What was one important aspect of the agricultural revolution? List several consequences of the “enclosure movement.” Trade and Inventiveness A growing share of increased trade consisted of what? List some new inventions of the era. Britain and Continental Europe Explain the benefits of Britain in the following areas: standard of living social structure transportation commercialization Why was Continental Western Europe not ready to industrialize until after 1815? THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION List 5 revolutionary innovations that spurred industrialization. Mass Production: Pottery What allowed Wedgwood to lower the cost of his products while improving their quality? What encouraged the atmosphere of experimentation and innovation that characterized lateeighteenth-century England? Mechanization: The Cotton Industry What unintentionally stimulated attempts to import cotton fiber and make the cloth locally (in England)? List inventions that revolutionized the spinning of cotton thread. What two advantages did mechanization offer? What two things made cotton America’s most valuable crop? The Iron Industry Why was iron a rare a valuable metal outside China before the 18th century? List three advantages coke-iron had over previous methods of making iron. What became the hallmark of American industry? The Steam Engine What was the most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution? Write 2 reasons Watt’s steam engine was the most celebrated invention of the 18th century. Communication over Wires Where were the first practical telegraphy systems developed? THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The New Industrial Cities Where did the most dramatic environmental changes brought about by industrialization occur? What 3 elements conspired to make urban problems more serious than in earlier times? Why was the average life expectancy so low in the poorest neighborhoods? Rural Environments What was the most serious environmental problem before the Industrial Revolution? Describe a “turnpike trust.” Before railroads, what was the most effective method of transporting heavy freight? Working Conditions List disadvantages of unskilled industrial workers? What choices did working mothers of infants have? Why did employers prefer child labor? Changes in Society What did Benjamin Disraeli mean when he said there were “two nations” in Britain? Who were the real beneficiaries of industrialization? IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Laissez Faire and Its Critics According to Adam Smith, was would happen if individuals were allowed to seek personal gain without government interference? What did Malthus and Ricardo claim was the problem for poor workers? How could the working class avoid mass famine? Explain Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism. According to Friedrich List, how could countries like Germany protect their industries from British competition? Positivists and Utopian Socialists What did Robert Owen do in New Lanark? Protests and Reforms List some ways workers protests the harsh working conditions. What laws protecting workers did mass movements persuade Parliament to pass in the mid 1800s? What was the purpose of repealing the Corn Laws? INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE NONINDUSTRIAL WORLD Russia In what important aspect did Russia differ from western Europe? How did this affect industrialization? Why did Nicholas I avoid industrialization and import most industrial goods? What effect did this have on Russia? Egypt Who was the driving force behind Egyptian industrialization? Why did he want to want to build up the Egyptian economy and military? Why did this make the British unhappy? What did the British force him to do? What was the result? India What happened to India’s cotton textile industry as a result of the British East India Company taking over large parts of India? What was India’s role in Britain’s industry? Why did India’s industrialization proceed at a snail’s pace?
