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Name that Ancient
Chinese Philosopher!!
“Wealth and rank are what
men desire, but unless they
be obtained in the right way
they may not be
possessed.”
-Confucius
Analects
“To put the world in order, we must
first put the nation in order; to put
the nation in order, we must put the
family in order; to put the family in
order, we must cultivate our
personal life; and to cultivate our
personal life, we must first set our
hearts right.”
-Confucius
Analects
“To govern the state by law
is to praise the right and
blame the wrong.”
-Hanfeizi
(Legalism)
A leader is best when people barely
know that he exists, not so good
when people obey and acclaim him,
worst when they despise him. Fail to
honor people, They fail to honor you.
But of a good leader, who talks little,
when his work is done, his aims
fulfilled, they will all say, "We did this
ourselves."
-Laozi
Dao De Jing
(Tao Te Ching)
No country is permanently
strong. Nor is any country
permanently weak. If
conformers to law are strong,
the country is strong; if
conformers to law are weak, the
country is weak....
-Hanfeizi
(Legalism)
Govern quietly
And the people will
realize
They are responsible
For their own wellbeing.
-Laozi
Dao De Jing
(Tao Te Ching)
A young man should serve his
parents at home and be respectful
to elders outside his home. He
should be earnest and truthful,
loving all, but become intimate with
humaneness. After doing this, if he
has energy to spare, he can study
literature and the arts.
-Confucius
Analects
The law does not fawn on the noble....
Whatever the law applies to, the wise cannot
reject nor can the brave defy. Punishment for
fault never skips ministers, reward for good
never misses commoners. Therefore, to
correct the faults of the high, co- rebuke the
vices of the low, to suppress disorders, to
decide against mistakes, to subdue the
arrogant, to straighten the crooked, and to
unify the folkways of the masses, nothing
could match the law.
-Hanfeizi
(Legalism)
"A superior man is
modest in his speech,
but exceeds in his
actions"
-Confucius
Analects
…rewards should be rich and certain so that
the people will be attracted by them;
punishments should be severe and definite so
that the people will fear them; and laws should
be uniform and steadfast so that the people will
be familiar with them. Consequently, the
sovereign should show no wavering in
bestowing rewards and grant no pardon in
administering punishments, and he should add
honor to rewards and disgrace to punishments-when this is done, then both the worthy and
the unworthy will want to exert themselves...
-Hanfeizi
(Legalism)
Knowing others is
intelligence;
knowing yourself is true
wisdom.
Mastering others is
strength;
mastering yourself is
true power.
-Laozi
Dao De Jing
(Tao Te Ching)
The more laws and
order are made
prominent, the more
thieves and robbers
there will be.
-Laozi
Dao De Jing
(Tao Te Ching)
The administration of government lies
in getting proper men. Such men are
to be got by means of the ruler's own
character. That character is to be
cultivated by his treading in the ways
of duty. And the treading those ways
of duty is to be cultivated by the
cherishing of benevolence.
-Confucius
Analects
The superior man does what is
proper to the station in which he is;
he does not desire to go beyond
this. In a position of wealth and
honor, he does what is proper to a
position of wealth and honor. In a
poor and low position, he does what
is proper to a poor and low position.
-Confucius
Analects
Hence it is said: The ruler
must not reveal his desires;
for if he reveals his desires
his ministers will put on the
mask that pleases him.
-Hanfeizi
(Legalism)
Buddhism Revisited
• BUDDHISM: Important to the lives of the
Chinese. Appealed to them because:
• promised an escape from suffering.
• offered hope of eternal happiness.
• presented Buddha as a compassionate,
merciful god.
• taught that anyone could gain salvation
through prayer, good works, and devotion.
Basic Social Structure in Classical China
• Landowning aristocracy (plus educated
bureaucrats, often referred to as
Mandarins.)
• Peasants and urban artisans
• Merchants (though merchants could
become wealthy, they were generally
scorned by Confucian scholars and elites.)
• “mean people” (mainly unskilled laborers,
performing artists, and household slaves.)
The Qin Dynasty of China (221
B.C.E. – 210 B.C.E.)
•The Qin family ruled a feudal
state on the western border of
Zhou territory.
•A Qin ruler named Zheng (later
called Qin Shihuangdi) took
advantage of the weakened Zhou,
conquering them by 221 B.C.E.
Qin Shihuangdi
• Qin was a harsh, legalist ruler, but an effective
administrator.
– He reorganized the empire into military
districts, and appointed loyal officials to
administer them (this basically ended
feudalism by weakening the feudal lords.) He
also unified the country and centralized the
government.
– Qin ordered the creation of a standard system
of weights and measures, coins, laws, and
writing.
– Qin used forced labor to connect and extend
the Great Wall; he also seized land, levied
taxes, and censored and burned books.
The Boundary of the Qin Dynasty
The
Great
Wall
The Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.
– 220 C.E.)
•The Han Dynasty was founded by a
peasant leader who overthrew the Qin.
•Liu Bang (Emperor Gao Zu) eased
the harsh legalist policies of the Qin.
•The Han period is considered a
golden age; even after the dynasty, the
Chinese referred to themselves as the
“people of Han.”
•Used a civil service exam to find the
most qualified officials.
Emperor Wudi
Han Dynasty
• The most famous Han ruler was the emperor
Wudi.
– Wudi expanded the Silk Road and trade with the
West (including the Roman Empire.)
– He expanded China’s borders to include Korea,
Manchuria, and parts of Southeast Asia.
– He strengthened the economy.
– Wudi also strengthened the civil service system –
government officials had to pass an examination – in
theory, merit was more important than birth
• Han achievements include: paper, watermills,
the compass, the seismograph, porcelain, and
acupuncture to name a few.
The Boundaries of Han China
Liu Bang (Emperor Gao Zu)
Founder of the Han Dynasty