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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter 9: Nominations and Campaigns • • • • • The Nomination Game The Campaign Game Money and Campaigning The Impact of Campaigns Understanding Nominations and Campaigns • Summary Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 The Nomination Game • Nomination • A nomination is a party’s official endorsement of a candidate for office. • Success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention. • Campaign Strategy • Master game plan that guides a candidate’s electoral campaign. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game LO 9.1 • Deciding to Run • Campaigns are more strenuous than ever, and many strong (perhaps elect-able) candidates decide not to run. • Unlike Britain—where campaigns are limited by law to five weeks—a presidential candidacy in the United States needs to be either announced or an “open secret” for at least a year before the election. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game • Presidential candidates need to be risk takers; they need enough selfconfidence to put everything on the line in pursuit of the presidency Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 The Nomination Game • Competing for Delegates • The goal of the nomination game is to win the majority of delegates’ support at the national party convention. • From February through June of election year, the individual state parties choose their delegates to the national convention through caucuses or primaries. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game • The Democratic Party began to reform its delegate selection procedures after a highly conflicted national convention in 1968; these reforms were proposed by the McGovern-Fraser Commission. • Superdelegates are national party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the national party convention Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 The Nomination Game • Competing for Delegates • Caucus - A system for selecting convention delegates used in about a dozen mostly rural states in which voters must show up at a set time and attend an open meeting to express their presidential preference. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game LO 9.1 • Competing for Delegates • Presidential primaries • Today, most of the delegates to the national conventions are selected in presidential primaries, in which voters in a state go to the polls and vote for a candidate or for delegates pledged to a candidate. • The primary season begins in the winter in New Hampshire. • At this early stage, the campaign is not for delegates but for images. • Frontloading is the recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 The Nomination Game • Political scientists and commentators have a number of criticisms of the primary and caucus system: • A disproportionate amount of attention goes to the early caucuses and primaries. Critics think America’s media-dominated campaigns are distorted by early primaries and caucuses. • Running for the presidency has become a fulltime job, and prominent politicians find it difficult to take time out from their duties to run. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game • Money plays too big a role in the caucuses and primaries. • Participation is low and is not representative of the voting population. • Although about 50 percent of the population votes in the November presidential election, only about 20 percent casts ballots in presidential primaries. • Voters in primaries and caucuses also tend to be better educated and more affluent than voters in general. • Primaries and caucuses exaggerate regional factors in decision making. • The system gives too much power to the med Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 The Nomination Game • The Convention Send-Off • Rallying point for parties. • Key note speaker on first day of Convention. • Party platform (2nd day) – Goals and policies for next 4 years. • Formal nomination of president and vicepresident candidates on third and fourth days. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Campaign Game LO 9.2: Explain the key objectives of any political campaign. • The High-Tech Media Campaign • Organizing the Campaign To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.2 The Campaign Game • The High-Tech Media Campaign • The technique of direct mail involves sending information and a request for money to names obtained from lists of people who have supported candidates of similar views in the past. • The accumulation of mailing lists enables a candidate to pick almost any issue and write to a list of people concerned about it. • . To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Campaign Game • Once nominated, candidates concentrate on campaigning for the general election in November. • Three ingredients are needed to project the right image to the voters: a high-tech media campaign, organization, and money Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.2 The Campaign Game • Organizing the Campaign • Get a campaign manager, a fund-raiser, and a campaign counsel. • Hire media and campaign consultants. • Assemble Organizing the Campaign • To effectively organize their campaigns, candidates must succeed in numerous key areas: • Get a campaign manager. • Get a fund-raiser. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives Money and Campaigning LO 9.3: Outline how fund-raising for federal offices is regulated by campaign finance laws. • The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms • The Proliferation of PACs • Are Campaigns Too Expensive? To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman What is needed just to get started • Get a campaign manager. • Get a fund-raiser. • Get a campaign counsel. • Hire media and campaign consultants. • Assemble a campaign staff. • Plan the logistics. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman • Get a research staff and policy advisors. • Hire a pollster. • Get a good press secretary. • Establish a Web site. staff, plan logistics, and get research staff, policy advisors, pollsters, and a good press secretary. • Establish a website LO 9.3 Money and Campaigning • The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms • Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 created Federal Election Commission; provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections; limited presidential campaign spending; required disclosure; and limited contributions. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Money and Campaigning • The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms (cont.) • Soft Money – Contributions for party building expenses or generic party advertising not subject to contribution limits. • McCain-Feingold Act (2002) bans soft money, increased amount of individual contributions, and limited issue ads. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Money and Campaigning • The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms (cont.) • 527 Groups – Independent groups seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution limits because they do not directly seek election of particular candidates. • The name 527 Groups comes from Section 527 of the federal tax code by which they are governed. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Money and Campaigning • The Proliferation of PACs • Political Action Committees are funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. • A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Money and Campaigning • The Proliferation of PACs (cont.) • There were 4,611 PACs during the 2007– 2008 election cycle, which contributed $412.8 million to House and Senate candidates. • PACs donate to candidates who support their issue. • PACs do not buy candidates, but give to candidates who support them in the first place. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Money and Campaigning • Are Campaigns Too Expensive? • Center for Responsive Politics estimated in 2008 that the contests for the presidency and Congress cost over $5 billion. • More congressional incumbents spend, the worse they do. • Doctrine of sufficiency – Spend enough money to get a message across to compete effectively. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Impact of Campaigns LO 9.4: Determine why campaigns have an important yet limited impact on election outcomes. • Campaigns have three effects on voters. • Reinforcement – Reinforce voters’ preferences for candidates. • Activation – Voters contribute money or ring doorbells. • Conversion – Convert, changing voters’ minds. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.4 The Impact of Campaigns • Some factors tend to weaken campaigns’ impact on voters. • Selective perception – Most people pay attention to things they agree with and interpret events according to predispositions. • Party identification influence voting behavior. • Incumbents – Advantage of name recognition and a track record. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding Nominations and Campaigns LO 9.5: Assess the advantages and disadvantages of having a long presidential campaign. • Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic? • Do Big Campaigns Lead to an Increased Scope of Government? To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding Nominations and Campaigns LO 9.5 • Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic? • Campaigns are open to almost everyone. • Campaigns consume much time and money. • Campaigns promote individualism in American politics. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding Nominations and Campaigns LO 9.5 • Do Big Campaigns Lead to an Increased Scope of Government? • Candidates make numerous promises, especially to state and local interests. • Hard for politicians to promise to cut size of government. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 Summary • The Nomination Game • Presidential primaries and caucuses lead to nomination at national party conventions and allow people to participate in the selection of the Democratic and Republican parties’ nominees for president. • The system gives some states much greater influence than others. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 Summary • The Nomination Game (cont.) • Iowa (1st caucus) and New Hampshire (1st primary) have disproportionate power stemming from the massive media attention devoted to these early contests and the momentum generated by winning them. • Money plays too big a role; turnout rates are too low; and mass media has too much power deciding which candidates are serious contenders. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 Which of the following is a major criticism of the primary and caucus system? A. Disproportionate attention goes to the early caucuses and primaries. B. Prominent politicians do run. C. Both money and media play too little a role. D. Participation is high and representative. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 Which of the following is a major criticism of the primary and caucus system? A. Disproportionate attention goes to the early caucuses and primaries. B. Prominent politicians do run. C. Both money and media play too little a role. D. Participation is high and representative. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.2 Summary • The Campaign Game • Political campaigns are carried out to win election for political office and require organization and effective use of high-tech media. • One important goals of any campaign is simply to get attention. • Campaigns seek to control political agenda by getting the media and the public to focus on the issues that they wish to emphasize. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.2 Why is a campaign manager important to a well-organized campaign? A. To assist the candidate in responding to reporters. B. To tell the candidate how he or she is viewed by voters. C. To feed the candidate the information needed to keep up with events. D. To keep the candidate from getting bogged down in organizational details. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.2 Why is a campaign manager important to a well-organized campaign? A. To assist the candidate in responding to reporters. B. To tell the candidate how he or she is viewed by voters. C. To feed the candidate the information needed to keep up with events. D. To keep the candidate from getting bogged down in organizational details. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Summary • Money and Campaigning • Federal election law restricts direct contributions to federal campaigns to $2,400 for individuals and $5,000 for political action committees (PACs). • In the presidential nomination process, federal matching funds are available to candidates who agree to limit their overall spending. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Summary • Money and Campaigning (cont.) • General presidential election – $85 million grant is available to each party nominee to finance their entire campaign, and candidates who turn down the grant are free to raise an unlimited total in increments equal or less than the maximum contribution limit. • McCain-Feingold Act (2002) banned unlimited soft money contributions. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman According to the textbook, the main benefit of campaign finance laws has been to _______. LO 9.3 A. make political campaigns more open and honest. B. limit spending by candidates. C. limit spending by corporations. D. limit unregulated money spent in campaigns. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman According to the textbook, the main benefit of campaign finance laws has been to _______. LO 9.3 A. make political campaigns more open and honest. B. limit spending by candidates. C. limit spending by corporations. D. limit unregulated money spent in campaigns. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.4 Summary • The Impact of Campaigns • Campaigning serves primarily to reinforce citizens’ views and to activate voters rather than to change views. • Factors such as selective perception, party identification, and the incumbency advantage tend to weaken the ability of campaigns to influence voters’ decisions. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which is true about the impacts that political campaigns have on voters? LO 9.4 A. Always convert voters, but rarely activate voters. B. Reinforce party images and always convert voters. C. Reinforce preferences and activate voters, but rarely convert voters. D. Always convert voters, but rarely reinforce voters. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which is true about the impacts that political campaigns have on voters? LO 9.4 A. Always convert voters, but rarely activate voters. B. Reinforce party images and always convert voters. C. Reinforce preferences and activate voters, but rarely convert voters. D. Always convert voters, but rarely reinforce voters. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.5 Summary • Understanding Nominations and Campaigns • American election campaigns are open, democratic, and long. • Long campaigns provide a strenuous test for all candidates. • Campaigns lead politicians to make many promises that increase the scope of government. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Today’s campaigns clearly promote in American politics. A. B. C. D. LO 9.5 egalitarianism elitism populism individualism To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Today’s campaigns clearly promote in American politics. A. B. C. D. LO 9.5 egalitarianism elitism populism individualism To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Text Credits • • The Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism; “Winning the Media Campaign: How the Press Reported the 2008 Presidential General Election,” Oct 22, 2008, http://www.journalism.org/sites/journalism.org/files/WINNING%20T HE%20MEDIA%20CAMPAIGN%20FINAL.pdf. Federal Election Commission. Copyright Center for Responsive Politics, www.opensecrets.org. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Photo Credits • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 252: Bruce Ely/The Oregonian 203T: AP Photo 203TC: Sean Tevis 203TB: Ken Cordier/Reuters/HO/Landov 203B: AP Photo 255: AP Photo 257: Jim Ruyman/Landov 258: AP Photo 257: John Cole 263: Howell/Getty Images 264: Sean Tevis 270: Reuters/HO/Landov 272: AP Photo 275: Used with permission of Matt Wurker and the Cartoonist Group. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman