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NCSCOS Goal 10
U.S. Prepares for War
-”Cash and Carry” policy begins
• U.S. will sell arms to countries who pay
cash and can transport them on their own
(help France and Britain)
-Axis Powers formed
• Japan, Italy, Germany form alliance
-Selective Service begins draft process
-Roosevelt seeks third term
• Four Freedoms: Speech, Religion,
Want, Fear
-Lend-Lease policy begun to help supply
allies-Arsenal of Democracy
• The U.S. must defend Britain or we will
fall to Hitler next
• U.S. will give Allies supplies
-Atlantic Charter signed between U.S. and
Britain
• Freedom of seas, mutual protection
resembles 14 points of Wilson
The three Axis nations—Germany, Italy,
and Japan—were a threat to the entire
world. They believed they were
superior and more powerful than other
nations, especially democracies. By
signing a mutual defense pact, the Axis
powers believed the U.S. would never
risk involvement in a two-ocean war.
In response, the Allied nations enter
into the Lend-Lease policy and Atlantic
Charter with the U.S.
In the future days, which we seek to make
secure, we look forward to a world founded upon
four essential human freedoms. The first is
freedom of speech and expression--everywhere
in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to
worship God in his own way--everywhere in the
world.
The third is freedom from want--which, translated
into universal terms, means economic
understandings which will secure to every nation
a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitantseverywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear--which,
translated into world terms, means a world-wide
reduction of armaments to such a point and in
such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in
a position to commit an act of physical
aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in
the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a
definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our
own time and generation. That kind of world is
the very antithesis of the so-called new order of
tyranny which the dictators seek to create with
the crash of a bomb.”
— Franklin Delano Roosevelt –
Hitler’s Mistake
-Battle of Britain has stalled
• Hitler turns his attention to U.S.S.R.
-June 1941 Germany attacks Russia
• Breaks non-aggression pact and
begins invasion; U.S. sends lend/lease
aid to USSR
-early success but then stalemate
• Germans halted at Stalingrad
-Russian winter sets in and halts
advance
• Germans not used to the winter,
cannot get supplies or reinforcements
-Now war is on two fronts
• Hitler’s forces divided
• Eventually pushed out of USSR
U.S. enters the War
-U.S. has embargo on Japan for actions
in the Pacific
• Japan invading lands in Indochina;
U.S. cuts off essential oil trade
-U.S. had warning of a possible
Japanese attack somewhere
• Did not know where (could be any
Pacific Island)
• -Dec. 7th, 1941 Pearl Harbor is
attacked
“day that will live in infamy”
• 2400 dead, 1200 wounded; destroyed
nearly the entire Pacific fleet
-U.S. declares war on Japan and then
Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
“It was a mess. I was working on the U.S.S.
Shaw. It was on a floating dry dock. It was in
flames. I started to go down into the pipe
fitter’s shop to get my toolbox when another
wave of Japanese came in. I got under a set of
concrete steps at the dry dock where the
battleship Pennsylvania was. An officer came by
and asked me to go into the Pennsylvania and to
try to get the fires out. A bomb had penetrated
the marine deck, and…three decks below.
Under that was the magazines: ammunition,
powder, shells. I said, “There ain’t no way I’m
gonna go down there. It could blow up any
minute. I was young and 16, not stupid.”
Overview Map of Pearl
Harbor
Japanese Zero Plans
Taking off in the Pacific
The Bombing of
Pearl Harbor
"A military man can scarcely pride himself on having
'smitten a sleeping enemy'; it is more a matter of shame,
simply, for the one smitten. I would rather you made your
appraisal after seeing what the enemy does, since it is
certain that, angered and outraged, he will soon launch a
determined counterattack."
Isoroku Yamamoto
Americans in the Service
-millions volunteered and millions more
were drafted
• 5 million volunteered, needed more
• 10 million drafted
-GI’s went to basic training for 8 weeks
• Government Issue
-Women’s Auxiliary Corps
“The civilian went before the Army
doctors, took off his clothes, feeling
silly; jigged, stooped, squatted, wet into
a bottle; became a soldier. He learned
how to sleep in the mud, tie a knot, kill
a man. He learned the ache of
loneliness, the ache of exhaustion, the
kinship of misery. He learned that men
make the same queasy noises in the
morning, feel the same longings at
night; that every man is alike and that
each man is different.”
• Jobs women could do better than men
thousands volunteered
• Worked as nurses, ambulance drivers,
radio operators, electricians, pilots
(noncombatant positions)
-Minorities served in segregated units
Tuskegee Airmen
A few weeks after the bill to
establish the Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps (WAAC) had
become law, Oveta Culp Hobby,
a Texas newspaper executive
and the first director of the
WAAC, put out a call for
recruits. More than 13,000
women applied on the first day.
In all, some 350,000 women
served in this and other
auxiliary branches during the
war.
The WAC remained a separate
unit of the army until 1978,
when male and female forces
were integrated. In 2001,
almost 200,000 women served
in the U.S. armed forces.
Women’s Auxiliary Corps
Among the brave men who
fought in Italy were the pilots
of the all-black 99th Pursuit
Squadron—the Tuskegee
Airmen. In Sicily, the
squadron registered its first
victory against an enemy
aircraft and went on to more
impressive strategic strikes
against the German forces
throughout Italy. The
Tuskegee Airmen won two
Distinguished Unit Citations
(the military’s highest
commendation) for their
outstanding aerial combat
against the German
Luftwaffe.
Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make war
materials
• Industries turn to war production, esp.
shipyards and defense plants
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb
(Manhattan Project)
• Einstein warns Roosevelt of Germany’s
intention to create atomic bomb
• U.S. rushes to build one first
-women stepped into many war jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
• 6 million women working; symbolized
women workers in the U.S.
-Entertainment propaganda – make
Americans hate Germany
-newsreels
Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make
war materials
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic
bomb (Manhattan Project)
-women stepped into many war
materials jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
-Entertainment propaganda
Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make
war materials
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic
bomb (Manhattan Project)
-women stepped into many war
materials jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
-Entertainment propaganda
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make
war materials
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic
bomb (Manhattan Project)
-women stepped into many war
materials jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
-Entertainment propaganda
Government Control
-Inflation controlled by price freezes
• Could not increase prices
-many products rationed to conserve
resources
• Ration books with coupons
-income taxes increased
• Government wanted people to have less
money to spend to conserve consumer
products
-War Bonds sold
-Japanese Internment
• Executive Order 9066 – all persons of
Japanese descent living in the West
sent to “relocation centers”
Korematsu v. United States
• Justified internment as a mode of
national defense
discriminatory policy???
On February 19, 1942, President
Roosevelt signed an order requiring
the removal of people of Japanese
ancestry from California and parts of
Washington, Oregon, and Arizona.
Based on strong recommendations
from the military, he justified this
step as necessary for national
security, In the following weeks, the
army rounded up some 110,000
Japanese Americans and shipped
them to ten hastily-constructed,
remote “relocation centers,”
euphemisms for prison camps. No
specific charges were ever filed
against the Japanese Americans,
and no evidence of subversion was
ever found. Faced with expulsion,
terrified families were forced to sell
their homes, businesses, and all
their belongings for less than their
true value.
After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed the government to
compensate those sent to the camps for their lost property. In 1965, Congress
authorized the spending of $38 million for that purpose—less than 1/10 of
Japanese Americans’ actual losses. In 1978, the JACL called for the payment of
reparations to each individual that suffered internment. A decade later, Ronald
Reagan signed a bill that promised $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a
relocation camp. When they were mailed in 1990, a letter from George Bush
accompanied them. In them he stated, “We can never fully right the wrongs of
the past. But we can take a clear stand for justice and recognize that serious
injustices were done to the Japanese Americans during World War II.”