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Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Overview Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Studies of the Human Body Anatomy • Study of body structure – Dissection Physiology • Study of body function Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Studies of the Human Body Levels of Organization Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Studies of the Human Body Body Systems (organized by function) • Protection, support, and movement – Integumentary – Skeletal – Muscular • Coordination and control – Nervous – Endocrine Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Studies of the Human Body Body Systems (organized by function) • Circulation and immunity – Cardiovascular – Lymphatic • Energy supply and fluid balance – Respiratory – Digestive – Urinary • Production of offspring – Reproductive Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Metabolism and Its Regulation Types of Metabolism • Catabolism – Reactions that break substances down into simpler compounds – Used to form ATP • Anabolism – Reactions that build substances up – Simple compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function and tissue repair – Often require ATP-energy obtained from the breakdown of nutrients used to form a compound often described as the cells energy current Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Metabolism and Its Regulation Homeostasis • Body’s maintenance of internal balance • Body fluid balance is especially important – Extracellular fluid • Blood plasma • Lymph • Fluid between cells – Intracellular fluid • Fluid within cells Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Metabolism and Its Regulation Homeostasis • Negative feedback – Critical for maintaining our health – Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-3 Negative feedback. How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-5 Negative feedback in the endocrine system. What happens to insulin levels after a meal? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Metabolism and Its Regulation Effects of Aging • Gradual changes in all body systems • Some changes are harmless. – Wrinkles and gray hair • Some changes may result in injury and disease. – Decreased kidney function – Loss of bone mass – Formation of deposits within blood vessels Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Directions Directional Terms • Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions. – Superior and inferior – Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) – Medial and lateral – Proximal and distal • All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-6 Directional terms. What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Directions Planes of Division • Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction – Frontal plane • AKA “coronal plane” – Sagittal plane – Transverse plane • Superior/inferior Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-7 Planes of division. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Directions Planes of Division • Some additional terms are used to describe tissues and CT or MRI images. – Cross section – Longitudinal section – Oblique section Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-8 Tissue sections. Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Cavities The body is divided into two main cavities. Dorsal Cavity – Two main subdivisions • Cranial cavity • Spinal cavity Ventral Cavity – Two main subdivisions separated by diaphragm (muscle used in breathing) • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view. Replace with Fig 1-10 Which cavity contains the diaphragm? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity • Further subdivided – Pericardial cavity – Pleural cavity – Mediastinum Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-11 The thoracic cavity. Which cavity contains the lung? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Cavity • Further subdivided – Abdominal cavity • – Contains the stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen Pelvic cavity • Inferior portion Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen • The abdomen can be divided into nine regions. – Epigastric – Umbilical – Hypogastric – Hypochondriac (left and right) – Lumbar (left and right) – Iliac, or inguinal (left and right) • Named for the upper crest of the hip bone and groin region Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen. Which region contains the spleen? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen • The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants. – Right upper quadrant – Left upper quadrant – Right lower quadrant – Left lower quadrant Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-13 Quadrants of the abdomen. In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions. Where would a pedal pulse be felt? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions. Where would cervical pain be felt? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example -tomy cutting, incision of Anatomy -dis apart, away from Dissect physi/o nature, physical Physiology -logy study of Radiology cata- down Catabolism ana- upward, again, back Anabolism home/o same Homeostasis stat, -stasis stand, stoppage, constancy Homeostasis extra- outside of, beyond Extracellular intra- within Intracellular Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
