Download Growth and Expansion 1790_1825

GROWTH AND
EXPANSION
1790-1825
Homework: *READ 314-319 due 4/20
*DEFINE Key Terms
Chapter 10 ( 306, 314, 321) due Friday 4/20
I. Economic Growth
• A. The Growth Of Industry
– 1. The invention of machinery that ran on water
power and performed some of the work
involved in cloth making encouraged people to
leave their homes and farms to work on the
machines in mills, built along rivers, for wages.
• B. The Industrial Revolution in New England
– 1. The change from people working in their homes or in
workshops to produce goods, to working in factories, is
called the Industrial Revolution.
– 2. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain,
took root in New England around 1800.
– 3. New England’s geographic location, near water with
many ports, and close to resources like coal and iron in
Pennsylvania, was an advantage for manufacturing.
– 4. The economic system of the U.S. is called capitalism.
– 5. Free enterprise is another term used to describe the
American economy.
• C. New Technology
– 1. The invention of new machines and technology;
scientific discoveries that simplify work were key to the
Industrial Revolution.
– 2. Most mills were built near rivers since the new
machines ran on water power.
– 3. In 1785 for the first time a steam engine provided power
for a cotton mill.
– 4. In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a simple
machine that removed the seeds from cotton.
– 5 In 1790 Congress passed a patent law to protect the
rights of those who developed inventions.
II. NEW ENGLAND FACTORIES
• The British tries to keep their industrial technology a secret.
• A British factory worker memorized the design of a machine to
make cotton thread and took over management of a cotton mill
in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
• In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile plant in
Massachusetts that for the first time places all of the stages of
cloth making under one roof.
• Lowell’s system was called the factory system, a system that
brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase
efficiency.
• A. Interchangeable Parts
– 1. Eli Whitney started the use of interchangeable
parts; machine parts that could be quickly put
together to make a complete product.
• B. Agriculture Expands
– 1. Though many New Englander’s went to
work in factories, more than 65% of
Americans still lived and worked on farms.
– 2. In the West agriculture expanded with
Southern farmers moving West to plant
cotton, and Western farmers North of the Ohio
River raising pork, corn, and wheat.
• C. Economic Independence
– 1. Most new industries were financed by small
investors.
– 2. Large businesses called corporations developed
rapidly in the 1830’s.
– 3. In 1816 Congress chartered the second Bank of
the U.S. It had the power to make large loans to
businesses.
• D. Cities Come of Age
– 1. The growth of factories and trade increased the
growth of towns and cities.
– 2. The cities and towns were not sanitary, and in
1793, in Philadelphia, a Yellow Fever epidemic killed
thousands of people.
– 3. There were many health hazards in the cities, but
the offer of jobs and steady wages attracted many.
WESTWARD
BOUND
I. MOVING WEST
1. First census in 1790 accounted for approximately four
million people.
– Census ~ official count of population
2. Most people counted lived east of the Appalachian
Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic
coast.
3. Changed over time, by 1820 ( approx. 30 yrs. later)
population of U.S. more than doubled to about 10 million
with 2 million living West of the Appalachian's.
-from 4 million to 10 million
-previously almost no one lived West of the Appalachian’s
4. There was a lot of danger and hardship
along the route to the West.
– A trip from New York City to Buffalo could take
as long as three weeks
– From N.J. to Buffalo takes 8 hours by bus
– Approx. 1.5 hours to New York from N.J., so
approx. 6.5 hours from NYC to Buffalo
– 3 weeks or 6.5 hours…..you choose
• A. Roads and Turnpikes
– 1. Private companies built turnpikes or toll
roads for shipment of goods to and from
their company.
• The tolls helped to pay for construction as they do
today
• Roads built mostly of crushed stone
• If land was frequently muddy, companies built
“corduroy”—logs laid side by side like ridges of
corduroy cloth
– 2. National Road- built to connect Ohio
with the East
• 1803 Ohio joined the union and asked the federal
government to build a road connecting to the East.
• In 1806 congress approved the funds however, it
wasn’t until five years later that they agreed on a
route
• Work stopped on the road during the War of 1812,
so the first part did not open until 1818
• Roads viewed as military necessity however the
congress did not take on other road projects
• B. River Travel
– 1. GOOD AND BAD
•
•
•
•
•
•
+Good for transporting goods in large loads
+More convenient
+More comfortable
-Waterways flow in the North-South direction
-Goods were headed East to West
-Traveling against the current was very difficult with a
large load
– 2. There were small boats developed to run on
steam power, however none of them had a
powerful enough engine to withstand the
strong winds and currents.
– 3. 1802 Robert Fulton was hired by Robert
Livingston, a political and business leader, to
develop a steamboat with a more powerful
engine than ever before.
• Livingston wanted the steamboat to carry cargo and
passengers up the Hudson River from New York
City to Albany.
– 4. In 1807 the designed steamboat made the 150
mile trip in just 32 hours(1 day and 8 hours….
just under 5 mph)
• The trip would have taken four days if only sails were
used.
• The Clermont was 140 feet long and 14 feet wide.
• It included:
–
–
–
–
A deck to stroll on
A place to sit
Sleeping compartments below the deck
A noisy but smooth ride
– 5. The price of shipping decreased and
was faster, therefore people began to use
shipping more than land travel.
II. CANALS
• 1. Originally steamboats depended strictly on the
existing waterways.
– They could not efficiently tie the Eastern and Western parts
of the countries together.
• 2. Plan to connect New York City with the Great
Lakes Region.
• 3. An artificial waterway called a canal would be
built across New York State, connecting Albany on
the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie.
• A. Building the Erie Canal
– 1. Built by Irish Immigrants
– 2. 363 miles long
– 3. Built locks along the route
• Locks- separate compartments where water levels
changed to raise and lower boats to the water levels
of the canal
– 4. The canal opened on October 26, 1825
• Took over 2 years of digging
– 5. De Witt Clinton, who came up with the plan to
build a waterway, was a business and
government official.
– 6. In the canals early years steamboats were
not allowed because of their powerful engines.
• The engines could damage the earthen embankments
(walls of dirt packed tightly)
– 7. Horses and mules would pull the barges and boats.
• A 100 ton barge could be pulled about 24 miles in one day…this
was considered very fast.
– 8. The canal banks were reinforced around the 1840’s to
accommodate steam boats pulling barges.
– 9. Brought down cost of shipping.
– 10. By 1850 more than 3,600 miles of canal were built.
– 11. Most importantly it helped to Unite a growing
country.
II. Western Settlement
• 1. New states came in waves
– First wave 1791 and 1803
• Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio
– Second wave 1816 and 1821
• Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri
• 2. Ohio in 1800 had only 45,000 settlers and by
1820 it had 581,000
• 3. Most people originally moved near the rivers
(Ohio and Mississippi) with people from their
original town, but as canals were developed they
moved further inland.
UNITY
and
SECTIONALISM
I. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
• 1. No major political divisions after the War of
1812.
• 2. Doubts of Federalist loyalty weakened the
party.
• 3. James Monroe, a republican, won the election
of 1816.
• 4. James Madison, president before Monroe, called
for tariffs to protect industry, for a national bank, and
for other programs.
• 5. At a time when political differences were
placed in the background, a Boston
newspaper deemed these years, the Era
of Good Feelings.
• 6. Monroe was the first president since
Washington to tour the nation.
• 7. Monroe was reelected in 1820.
II. SECTIONALISM GROWS
• 1. Although there was some time of good feelings, it
soon came to an end.
• 2. As more national policies arose, so did the
people’s loyalty to their regions.
• 3. Three people took the lead in representing the
multiple regions.
– John C. Calhoun for the South
– Daniel Webster for the North
– Henry Clay for the West
• A. John C. Calhoun
– Planter from South Carolina
– One of the War Hawk’s who had called for a war
with Great Britain in 1812
– He remained a nationalist until approx. the
1820’s when his views started to change
– Argued that high tariffs protected inefficient
manufacturers.
• B. Daniel Webster
– Elected to congress in 1812 to represent his
native New Hampshire and later was elected to
represent Massachusetts in both the House
and the Senate.
– He favored the policies that protected
American industries from foreign
competition, strengthened the nation and
helped the North.
– Webster gained fame as one of the greatest
orators/speakers of his day.
• C. Henry Clay
– A War Hawk from Kentucky, Speaker of the House of Representatives in
1811, and represented the interests of the Western states.
– Known as the National leader who tried to resolve sectional
disputes through compromise.
• D. The Missouri Compromise
– Problem: the South wants Missouri, as part of the Louisiana Purchase, to
be admitted as a slave state.
– Northerners want Missouri to be admitted as a free state.
– Henry Clay helped to work out the Missouri Compromise in March of
1820.
– The Compromise said that Missouri would be a slave state and
Maine would be a free state and slavery would be banned in the
upper part of the Louisiana territory.
III. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
• 1. Henry Clay’s ‘American System’ included
a protective tariff; a program to build roads
and canals to stimulate trade; and a national
bank to lend money to build developing
industries.
• 2. Thomas Jefferson and many people in the
South saw no benefits for the South from the
tariff or internal improvements.
• 3. Congress adopted some internal
improvements and created the Second National
Bank in 1816.
• A. McCulloch v. Maryland—1819 court case
– 1. The state of Maryland taxed the Baltimore branch of the
Second Bank of the U.S.- a federal constitution.
– 2. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland had
no right to tax the bank because it was a federal
institution.
• B. Gibbons v. Ogden
– 1. This established that states could not enact
legislation that would interfere with Congressional
power over interstate commerce.
– 2. People who supported states rights believed that the
decision increased federal power at the expense of state
power, but nationalists welcomed the rulings support for
national power.
IV. FOREIGN AFFAIRS
•
1. The war of 1812 increased American’s
pride in their country.
A. Relations with Britain
- In 1817, in the Rush-Bagot Treaty, the U.S. and
Britain agreed to put limits on the number of
vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.
- The Convention of 1818 set the official boundary
between the U.S. and Canada, and gave
American’s the right to settle in the Oregon
country.
• B. Relations with Spain
– 1. Spain owned East Florida and claimed West
Florida.
– 2. The U.S. said that they own West Florida because
it was part of the Louisiana purchase
– 3. April 1818- General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish
East Florida and seized control of 2 Spanish forts.
– 4. Jackson had only been ordered to stop Seminol
Indian raids on American territory from Florida,
– 5. Not everyone in government was happy about the
situation, but Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
backed Jackson.
• C. Adams-Onis Treaty---1819
– 1. Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. and gave up
all claims to West Florida.
– 2. In return the U.S. gave up it’s claim to Spanish Texas
and took over the responsibility of paying 5 million
dollars that American citizens claimed Spain owed
them for damages.
– 3. Spain and the U.S. agreed on a border between the
U.S. and Spanish possessions to the West.
V. LATIN AMERICAN
REPUBLICS
1. In the early 1800’s Spain controlled an
empire of colonies in the South
Western U.S. , Mexico, and Central
America, and all of South America
except Brazil.
2. In 1821 Mexico gained it’s independence
from Spain, but this did not bring social
and economic change.
• A. Bolivar and San Martin
– 1. Independence in South America came largely as a
result of the efforts of Simon Bolivar and Jose de San
Martin.
– 2. By 1824 most of South America had freed itself
from Spain.
– 3. Spain’s empire in the America’s had shrunk to Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and a few Caribbean islands.
• B. The Monroe Doctrine
– 1. In December 1823 President Monroe states that the
U.S. will not interfere with any existing European
colonies in the Americas, and that the U.S. would
oppose any new colonies.
– 2. In 1823 the U.S. did not have the power to enforce the
Monroe doctrine, but it became an important part in
American foreign policy.