Download Early Human Societies

Early Human Societies
Focus Question
What are the basic characteristics
of early human societies?
Developments of Paleolithic Age
• 100,000 BCE–humans develop physically and
mentally to the level of today
– Opposable thumbs & developed brain
• Paleolithic Achievements
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Invention of tools & weapons
Language
Control of fire
Art (sculpture, jewelry, and cave paintings)
• Humans lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers
Hunter-Forager Societies
• Men hunt and/or fish; women
gather fruits, etc.
• Lived in kinship groups of 2030 people
• Follow migratory patterns of
animals
• Need large portions of land to
support themselves
• Life expectancy was 20 years
or less
Lascaux Cave, France
Hunter-Forager Societies
• Groups were not always selfsufficient
– Trade with neighboring groups
was often necessary
• Developed tools suitable for
their environment
• Practiced animism
Migration of Humans
Focus Question
What causes people to migrate?
Indo-European Migrations
Bantu Migrations
(1500 BCE-500 CE)
• Bantu people originated in
central Africa (Cameroon)
• Migration triggered by the
drying of the Sahara
– Reach South Africa by 300 CE
• Introduced agriculture, cattle
herding, and iron (?) to SubSaharan Africa
• Become dominant ethnic
and language group of SubSaharan Africa
Discussion Question
What causes technological change?
Focus Question
What were the effects of the Neolithic
Revolution?
Neolithic Revolution
• Around 10000 BCE, two discoveries
revolutionized human society
– Farming (1st crops were wheat & barley)
– Herding (1st domesticated animals were goats, pigs,
& cattle)
• Domesticated animals produced a new type of society
called Pastoralists
• Farming & herding allowed for urban
development
– 1st cities emerged in Middle East (Turkey & Jordan)
– Jericho and Catal Huyuk
Origins of Agriculture
Pastoral Societies
• Nomadic peoples who herd
domesticated animals
• Move in search of food for
their animals
– Traditionally more stable than
hunter-gatherer societies
• Develop on marginal land
apart from areas suitable for
agriculture, often semi-arid
regions
– Interact with agricultural
societies
Pastoral Societies
• Many pastoral nomads lived in kin-related bands
numbering up to 100
• Tribal membership was defined by recognizing a
common ancestry among kinship groups
• Often called Courage Cultures
– Warlike males bound to each other by ties of personal
loyalty tended to dominate these societies
– Violence between kinship groups limited the ability of
clans and tribes to cooperate
• Most practice a form of animism or shamanism
Early Villages
• Earliest villages located
in the Middle East
• Population of early
villages evolved from
the hundreds to the
thousands
• Probably declined due
to environmental
degradation
Top: Artist rendering of the early village of Catal
Huyuk; Bottom: statue of a goddess from Catal Huyuk
Life in Early Villages
• Full-time political and religious figures emerge as
community leaders
• Specialized workers such as toolmakers, miners,
and merchants
• Despite specialization, well-defined social
stratification did not exist
• Farming & specialization of labor led to a decline
in the role of women
• Farming & specialized labor led to increase in
technology
– Pottery, the plow, irrigation, woven textiles, wheeled
vehicles
World Population Growth
Intensive agriculture caused
human population to jump from
5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in
5,000 years
What are the potential effects of
population pressure?
World Population Growth
Negative Effects of Population
Growth
Rise of Civilization
4th Millennium BCE
• New discoveries transformed permanent settlements into
civilizations
– Bronze
– Writing
• First civilization emerged in Mesopotamia (modern day
Iraq) c. 3500 BCE