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The Civil War Brother vs. Brother War 1861-1865 The Tale of 2 Wars • The Revolutionary War ends in 1781 and the Civil War begins in 1861. • How many years have passed? 80 years • For almost 80 years the new nation called America depended on slavery to drive the economy. • People’s views on slavery changed over that 80 years depending on what part of the country you lived. Why? Resources of the Northern and Southern States North South 110,000 18,000 Railroad Tracks 21,910 miles 9,390 miles Skilled Workers 1,300,000 110,000 Total Population 22,000,000 9,105,000 Troops 1,000,000 600,000 Factories Map of North and South The Southern Economy • The south depended on agriculture and owning land to sustain its economy. The economy of the southern states relied heavily on slave labor to grow crops and make money. • The south did not have as large of a population as the north. Since growing crops was such a laborious task and required an enormous amount of man hours, the south depended on the institution of slave labor that was introduced to the Virginia Colony at Jamestown. The Northern Economy • The northern economy was industrial based and relied on factories that manufactured goods. • The population of the northern states was larger and full of big cities compared to that of the southern states. • The climate was cooler and the growing season was shorter, so the northern states did not rely on farms and slavery like the south. • The people of the northern states were free to choose the way they made money. A Divided Country The Slavery Debate • Abolitionists, someone against slavery, started speaking out against this cruel and inhumane practice all over the North. • Their movement spread all over the north and even to the south. A debate erupted all over the new country about the issue of slavery. Was slavery constitutional or not? • The people of the north became critical of the southern farmers for using this cruel practice and started demanding that they abolish it. • The South refused to do it and tensions rose! Western Territories • The North wanted the new territories in the west to be admitted to the United States as Free States. • The South wanted the new territories in the west to be admitted to the United States as Slave States. • The argument over the new territories was about the balance of Free and Slave states. Why War? • Political Issues: State’s Rights, could US Government tell states what to do? • Social Issues: Slavery is immoral and unconstitutional. • Economic Issues: The South could not survive without slavery. Abolitionists • Before the attack on Fort Sumter, the Civil War was fueled by attacks on slavery! • An abolitionist is a person trying to end slavery. Human Rights were very important to their belief that all men were created equal. Abolitionists: Harriet Tubman • Harriet Tubman served as an organizer to help slaves escape from the plantation farms of the South. “The Underground Railroad” was a secret route leading to freedom in the North. She organized safe houses and hideaway spots for slaves to rest along during their dangerous journey. Harriet Tubman The Underground Railroad Abolitionists: Nat Turner • In 1831, Nat Turner was a slave that led a revolt against plantation owners in Virginia. His group of 75 slaves killed the family that owned him and about 100 other white people. It made the slave owners all over the south extremely scared of what the slaves could do if they could get organized. Nat Turner’s Revolt actually made life harder for the slaves. Nat Turner’s Revolt Abolitionists: John Brown • In 1859, John Brown was an outspoken white man against slavery that led a raid against the United States Armory (Arsenal) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He was trying to start a slave rebellion, but was captured and killed. John Brown’s Raid Harper’s Ferry Armory John Brown Abolitionists: Abraham Lincoln • In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was an outspoken man on slavery that was elected President of the United States. When he became president, many southern states seceded and from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America because the South knew he would try to abolish slavery. Virginia Splits • The state of Virginia began to have different opinions on slavery. • The eastern counties depended on slavery and the western counties did not. • Virginia actually split in two and formed a new state called West Virginia. • The mountainous region of western Virginia had no need for slavery. Creation of West Virginia Free States and Slave States • A free state was free of slavery and it was not permitted. • A slave state was one that permitted the institution of slavery in it. • Every time a new state was admitted to the Union, the issue of slavery was debated. Fort Sumter The Civil War Erupts! The Union • The Union was the United States of America. • The north was considered the Union during the Civil War. • President: Abraham Lincoln • Commander of the Army: General Ulysses S. Grant • Capital: Washington, D.C. Union Flag President Abraham Lincoln General Ulysses S. Grant The Confederacy • The states that seceded from the Union were considered the Confederacy. • President: Jefferson Davis • Commander of the Army: General Robert E. Lee • Capital: Richmond • The capital of Richmond was burned to the ground during the war. Confederate Flag The Confederate States of America General Robert E. Lee Battle of Bull Run at Manassas, VA • The first major battle of the Civil War. • General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson led the Confederate Army against the Union Forces. • The battle took place in Northern Virginia. • General Thomas Jackson stood out front of rifle and cannon fire like a stone wall. He showed the South that he was not afraid of the Union Army. Battle of Bull Run at Manassas, VA Battle of Bull Run at Manassas, VA Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Battle of Fredericksburg • General Robert E. Lee took command of the Confederate Army for this battle. • It took place near the city of Fredericksburg in Northern Virginia. • This battle was won by the south and showed the north they were capable of winning this war even though they were outnumbered. Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack • USS Monitor: Union Ironclad (Ship) • USS Merrimack: Confederacy Ironclad • Sea Battle on the Chesapeake Bay off the coast of Hampton, Virginia. • The battle was a considered a draw, which meant that nobody won. Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack Richmond, Virginia • The capital of the Confederacy! • General Ulysses S. Grant won the battle and took over the city. • The city was burned to the ground by retreating Confederate soldiers near the end of the war. Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Gettysburg VA Culture Groups of the Civil War • Enslaved African Americans from Virginia – The Confederacy relied on their labor to raise crops and provide labor for the army. – African Americans fled to approaching Union armies. – some fought in the Union Army. • Some Free African Americans from Virginia felt limited rights could be best protected by supporting the Confederacy. VA Culture Groups of the Civil War • Whites from Virginia – Most supported the Confederacy. • American Indians from Virginia – Most did not take sides during the Civil War. Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia • Soon after the Battle of Gettysburg, the South began to lose more battles and realized they did not have the resources to continue the war. • General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at a courthouse in Appomattox, Virginia. • The Union won the Civil War. The Surrender at Appomattox, VA The War Ends! • The Confederate soldiers were able to go home with their horses and weapons. • The Confederate States of America were dissolved and forced back into the Union. • The United States of America had to find a way to heal the wounds of the bloodiest war in history. 1861 to 1865