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Teaching Secondary Mathematics
Module 3:
Narrowing the Achievement Gap:
Focus on Fractions
3
Outline of this module
1.
Themes of this module
2.
Principles of Learning and Teaching relevant for this module
3.
Difficulties experienced with fractions
4.
Fractions and Decimals Interview
5.
Indicators of Progress
6.
"Fractions as a number"
7.
Diagnostic Fraction Test
8.
"Multiples and fractions of fractions"
9.
Other resources
Main themes in this module
Improving mathematics learning in schools requires
attention to:
•
Each student’s achievement in mathematics
•
Each student’s experience of learning of mathematics.
Principles of Learning & Teaching
In this session the focus will include the following principles
and components:
1.
The learning environment is supportive and productive
–
ensuring each student experiences success through structured
support, the valuing of effort, and recognition of their work
2.
Students' needs, backgrounds, perspectives and interests are
reflected in the learning program.
–
Teacher uses strategies that are flexible and responsive to the
values, needs and interests of individual students
3.
Assessment practices are an integral part of teaching and learning.
–
Teacher uses evidence from assessment to inform planning
and teaching.
Principles of Learning & Teaching
These principles are demonstrated in the module through:
Exploring the use of a linear model to help ensure students
experience success with fractions (Principle 1)
•
Supporting teachers to respond to the needs and interests
of their students (Principle 3)
•
Using the Diagnostic Fraction Tests to identify student’s
misconceptions ( Principle 5). Principle 5 will be a major
focus of this module.
Difficulties experienced with fractions
Discuss with your neighbour:
1.
What do students find difficult about fractions?
2.
What impact does this have?
Difficulties experienced with fractions
Students often:
• Cannot think of a fraction as one number
• Use rules without thinking and don’t check how sensible
their answer is (e.g. 1/2 + 1/2 = 2/4 )
• Think that
30/
80
is larger than 3/8 (as “we multiplied by 10”)
• Don’t see a fraction as a result of division
• Are unable to co-ordinate the number of parts (numerator)
with the size of the parts (indicated by denominator)
Difficulties experienced with fractions
Find the answers to the following:
4/
3/ =
+
7
8
1/
1/ =
÷
2
8
• Do the rules/algorithms for the four operations (+, -, ×, ÷ )
emphasise the idea that a fraction is one number or two
numbers?
• Which view of fractions (as one number or two numbers) helps
with estimation (number sense)?
Fractions and Decimals Online Interview
• The Middle Years Numeracy Research Project (1999–2000) found that
significant numbers of students in years 5 to 9 experience difficulty with
fractions, decimals & multiplicative thinking concepts.
• One of the clear implications of the research is that early diagnosis and
intervention are critical.
• In January 2007, the Mathematics Online Interview was launched on the
DEECD website. It has been proven to be an effective tool in enabling
teachers and schools to collect detailed information on students’
understandings of mathematics.
• The Fractions and Decimals Online Interview will replicate its success for
middle years students.
Fractions and Decimals Online Interview
• One-on-one interview away
from the regular classroom
• 20 questions and sub-questions
• Should take approximately 30 minutes to conduct
• Focus is on mental computation and developing flexible
strategies
• Awarding a task requires that the students use an appropriate
strategy … not only giving the correct answer
• Questions ranging from Level 3 – 6 (VELS)
Fractions and Decimals Online Interview
Example question from the Interview
Students are invited to use pen and paper if they require it.
The Mathematics Developmental Continuum P-10
Indicators of Progress
• Early fraction ideas with models (level 2.5)
• Multiples and fractions of fractions (level 3.25)
• Fraction as a number (level 3.5)
• Fractions for algebra and arithmetic (level 4.5)
The Mathematics Developmental Continuum P-10
Overview - Proportional Reasoning and Multiplicative Thinking
www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/teachlearn/student/mathscontinuum/overpropreas070105.pdf
The Mathematics Developmental Continuum P-10
Indicator of Progress
Fraction as Number 3.5
Illustrations:
Observations & Diagnostic tasks
Illustration 1: Placing a
fraction on a number line
Comparing fractionsdiagnostic task
Range of teaching
strategies
Range of teaching
strategies
Range of teaching
strategies
Illustration 2: Number
sense, especially with
addition and subtraction
of fractions
Fraction as a Number 3.5
Overview
•
An important step in mathematical development is that
students come to see a fraction a/b as one number, even
though it is written using two whole numbers, a and b.
•
Using a linear model for fractions helps students to see a
fraction as a number, with a place on the number line.
•
To find out more about models for fractions, go to the
"more about" link from the
The Continuum – Models for fractions: 3.5
Fraction as a Number 3.5
Students understanding of fractions at this level may
be illustrated through:
• Not placing fractions on a number line and being unable to use
the number line to model operations with fractions. They have
not extended their number system from their original appreciation
of the set of whole numbers
• Not knowing that 2/3 is one number, will students have trouble
marking this point on a number line as a point between 0 and 1.
Instead of marking the point 2/3, they may mark 2/3 of the given
line (using the fraction as an operator), or one or both of the
whole numbers 2 and 3
Fraction as a Number 3.5
Students understanding of fractions at this level may
be illustrated through:
• Not knowing that 2/3 is one number and 7/8 is another number.
These students will have trouble comparing their size.
• Unable to estimate that the sum of 2/3 and 7/8 will be less than
2 because each number is less than 1.
Fraction as a Number 3.5
Models for fractions
Model
Fraction size represented by
3 Dimensional (volume model)
Relative volume
2 Dimensional (area model)
Relative area
1 Dimensional (linear model)
Relative length
Discrete
Number line
(subset/set model)
Relative numbers
Position of a point on a line
Fraction as a Number 3.5
The Linear Model
Using a linear model is very important for several reasons:
• It helps in building the concept of fraction as one number.
• A linear model, where the size of a fraction is modeled by
the length of a line, is an important pre-requisite for student
conceptual understanding of the number line.
• Students will need to use both horizontal and vertical number
lines when they progress in mathematics to learning about
Cartesian graphs.
Fraction as a Number 3.5
The Linear Model (cont.)
• A linear model is the best model for highlighting the concept
of ‘number density’, that is, between any two numbers, there
are many other numbers. If we are using only whole numbers,
there is no number between 3 and 4, but once we allow fractions
and decimals, then there are an infinite number of possibilities.
• Many types of numbers can be represented with a linear model or
shown on the number line: whole numbers, fractions and decimals.
This means they are all examples of real numbers.
Fraction as a Number 3.5
Teaching strategies:
Activity 1: Comparing Fractions Diagnostic Test provides a
diagnostic test to determine how students are conceptualising
fractions
Activity 2: Using area models better, provides guidance on ensuring
that fraction concepts are not lost when concrete models are used.
A short diagnostic task to see if students understand that area models
show the fraction as a part-whole relationship is included.
Activity 3: Number Between, is a game that highlights the position
of fractions on a number line, emphasises relative size, develops
number sense and shows the property of number density for fractions.
Comparing Fractions Diagnostic Test
Instructions:
Complete the Fractions Diagnostic Test
•For each pair of fractions, either CIRCLE the larger fraction, OR
write = between them
•We are going to think like students who are unable to correctly
co-ordinate:
– The number of parts (numerator)
– With the size of the parts (denominator)
Abby:
Abby thinks that larger numerators give larger fractions
What would
she choose?
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Abby:
Abby’s responses
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Ben:
What is Ben thinking?
Ben thinks that
smaller denominators
give larger fractions
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Carol:
Carol’s responses
1
3
1
4
3
4
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
5
8
2
3
Carol thinks that the
fraction with the
smaller “gap” is
larger.
=
=
11
12
David:
David uses common denominators on each item
What
would he
choose?
Correct
answers
chosen
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
=
=
11
12
Correct answers – other strategies?
Benchmark:
compare with
known
fractions like
1/2
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Correct answers – other strategies?
Use a known
decimal or %
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Correct answers – other strategies?
More parts of
the same size
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Correct answers – other strategies?
Same number
of larger parts
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Correct answers – other strategies?
Size of missing
piece: consider
the relative
sizes of the
missing pieces
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Correct answers – other strategies?
More larger
parts
How can we encourage students to
think flexibly and use more than one
strategy?
5
8
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
3
4
3
5
2
5
4
6
2
3
1
3
1
4
4
5
3
8
3
5
3
4
5
7
3
8
1
6
2
12
3
10
2
5
7
8
11
12
Comparing Fractions Diagnostic Test
Ranking students
Rank Abby, Ben, Carol and David in order of their knowledge.
Discuss:
• How did you decide?
• Did you use their scores?
• Could you use another method to rank students?
Comparing Fractions Diagnostic Test
Features of this diagnostic test
• The power of a diagnostic test is to reveal how students think,
by comparing with the pattern of answers on the samples
provided
• Total score on this test is a function of how many items of each
“type” are included on the test, and so has little value
• Full scores indicate the ability to complete this task by using a
successful strategy (which may be applied with or without
understanding)
• Any error may be the “tip of the iceberg”
Comparing Fractions Diagnostic Test
Creating tasks
1.
Could you imagine another task that David may not get
correct?
2.
Write a new item that Abby will get correct & Ben will get
wrong.
3.
Write a new item that Abby will get wrong & Ben will get
correct
Multiples and fractions of fractions 3.25
Make a Fraction Wall using Fraction Strips Activity:
•
Use 12 paper strips
•
Leave one strip as the one/whole
•
Fold another strip to show halves
•
Fold another strip to show thirds
•
Continue to twelfths.
Multiples and fractions of fractions Indicator of Progress- 3.25
Multiples and fractions of fractions 3.25
Complete Fraction Wall using Fraction Strips
• Use your Fraction Strips to mark the Fraction Wall with vertical lines.
• Label each part with unit fractions.
1/
5
1/
5
1/
5
1/
5
1/
5
•Why do some students write non-unit fractions incorrectly, for example:
3/
5
Incorrect!
Multiples and fractions of fractions 3.25
Fractions on Number Lines
Use the Number Line handout to estimate and then check
(with Fraction Strips) the location of various fractions:
–
On a line marked 0, 1 show
2/
3
7/
–
On a line marked 0, 2 show
2/
3
1 7/ 8
–
On a line marked 1, 2 show 11/3 13/8
–
On a line marked 0, 10 show 3 1/3 9 1/2
8
Multiples and fractions of fractions 3.25
How could students use number lines to calculate?
Addition:
1/
5
+ 2/5
Subtraction:
3/
5
– 1/5
1/
5
3/
5
+ 3/10
– 1/10
Multiplication: 2 x 1/3
7 × 1/3
Division:
10 ÷ 1/4
2 ÷ 1/3
2/
3
3/
4
1/
4
– 2/3
× 10
1/ ÷
3
+ 3/4
2
1/
3
× 1/4
1/
3
÷ 1/2
Multiples and fractions of fractions 3.25
Summary
Linear models such as fraction walls and number lines are useful for:
– Comparing fractions
– Adding
– Subtracting
– Multiplying
– Dividing
. . . as they focus on fractions as one number,
(not two whole numbers)
Other DEECD resources
• Digilearn
• Scaffolding Numeracy in the Middle Years
• Assessment for Common Misunderstandings
Cassowary Fractions – Digilearn
Scaffolding Numeracy in the Middle Years
An assessment-guided approach to improving student numeracy
outcomes including:
Learning Plans for Multiplicative Thinking
• Designed to scaffold student learning from one zone of the
Learning and Assessment Framework for Multiplicative Thinking
(LAF) to the next.
Authentic Tasks
• Developed by teachers and students
• Designed to encourage students to find ways of solving the
task themselves, revealing different knowledge and skill sets.
Links to Principles of Learning and Teaching P-10
1.
The learning environment is supportive and productive
1.4 Ensures each student experiences success through structured
support, the valuing of effort, and recognition of their work
2.
Students' needs, backgrounds, perspectives and interests are
reflected in the learning program
3.1 Uses strategies that are flexible and responsive to the values,
needs and interests of individual students
3.
Assessment practices are an integral part of teaching and
learning
5.5 Uses evidence from assessment to inform planning and teaching.
Module 3: Narrowing the achievement gap. Fractions
In conclusion
There are 8 more professional learning modules:
1.
Overview of Learning in the Mathematics Domain
2.
Overview of the Mathematics Developmental Continuum P - 10
3.
Conducting practical and collaborative work (focus on contours)
4.
Understanding students’ mathematical thinking (focus on algebra the
meaning of letters)
5.
Using a range of strategies and resources (focus on percentages)
6.
Learning through investigation (chance and variability)
7.
Working mathematically (focus on a range of challenging problems)
8.
Conclusion: Reviewing key ideas and supporting planning
End of Module 3
This is the last slide of the module
Further questions…
•
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•
subject field- Teaching Secondary Mathematics