Download What is a Body Mass Index?

A Growing Epidemic
What is obesity?
What is diabetes?
How are obesity and diabetes related?
Obesity by definition is an increase body weight
caused by excessive accumulation of fat.
How do you know if
someone is obese?
A person is obese when
their Body Mass Index
(BMI) exceeds 30 and a
person is considered
overweight when their
Body Mass Index is
between 25 and 30.
What is a Body Mass
Index?
A Body Mass Index commonly
known as your BMI is a common
measure expressing the
relationship of weight-to-height.
BMI = mass (lbs)
(height (In))
Quick Data Fact
 The Body Mass Index Formula is a
Mathematical Index
 A mathematical index is an arbitrarily defined
number that provides a measure of scale.
 It is determined by a mathematical calculation
that combines various attributes of each case
in order to make comparisons.
Jon Doe BMI
Weight = 52 kilograms
Height = 1.57 meters
BMI = mass (kg)
height (m)2
BMI = 52
(1.57)2
I am not obese! 
BMI =21
There are 3 types of diabetes:
1. Type 1 Diabetes
2. Type 2 Diabetes
3. Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic,
metabolic condition
that results from the
body’s inability to
sufficiently produce
and/or properly use
insulin
Quick Fact!
Type 2 Diabetes is one of the
fastest growing diseases in
Canada with more than 60,000
new cases yearly.
Type 2 Diabetes
can be prevented!
After analyzing the connections I was interested in
whether or not Canadians could reduce the risk of
diabetes if in fact they started to live a healthy lifestyle.
Thesis Question
What effect do Canadian’s knowledge,
attitudes and behaviors concerning obesity
have on type 2 diabetes?
Cause and Effect
Diet’s Role in Developing Diabetes
No
Does the person
have poor diet?
Does a person have
knowledge about diet?
Yes
Does a person
have a good
attitude towards
their diet?
Yes
No
Yes
No
unhealthy
No
healthy
No
Low risk of
developing diabetes
Is the person
overweight?
High risk of
developing diabetes
Does a person
have good
behaviors towards
their diet?
Network Diagram
Obesity
Genetics
High risk ethnic groups
Given birth to a baby >9 lb’s
Had gestational diabetes
High cholesterol
Being age 40 +
High blood pressure
Network Diagram
Causes of type 2
diabetes that relate
to each other
Obesity
Had
gestational
diabetes
Gave birth
to a baby >
9lb’s
High
blood
pressure
High
cholesterol
High risk
ethnic
groups
Genetics
Being
age 40 +
Obesity
------------
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
Had gestational
diabetes
-
------------------
+
-
-
+
+
+
Gave birth to a
baby > 9lb’s
-
+
---------------
-
-
-
-
+
High blood pressure
+
-
-
-------------
-
+
+
+
High cholesterol
+
-
-
+
-------------
+
+
+
High risk ethnic
groups
-
-
-
-
-
-------------
-
-
Genetics
-
-
-
-
-
_
-----------
-
Being age 40 +
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-----------
Table that corresponds with network diagram.
+ represents a relationship
-represents no relationship
------ represents that there is no relationship with itself
Tree Diagram
Diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Does not apply to project
Causes (risk factors)
Prevention
Genetics
Obesity
Abdominal
High risk
ethnic
groups
High
cholesterol
Had
gestational
diabetes
High blood
pressure
Being age
40+
Given birth to
a baby > 9 lb’s
Non abdominal
Does not apply to project
Be physically active
Achieve healthy
weight and maintain it
Don’t smoke
Maintain normal
blood pressure
Limit intake
of fat and
sugar
Keep cholesterol
and other fats
within target level
Eat regular, balanced
meals (include 4 food
groups)
Obesity Rates in 1978/79 and 2004 by Age Group
•The distribution of this graph is left skewed because the greatest frequencies
are near the right end of the bar graph, although the 2004 data could be viewed
as a mound shaped distribution.
•The greatest obesity rates occur among adults ages 45 to 64.
•This is accurate as the onset of type two diabetes is around age 40
Obesity Prevalence in 2000/01 of the population ages 20 to 64
(in this graph obesity is measured by someone with a BMI>27)
Prevalence of Obesity in
Canada from 1985 to 1998
Percentage distribution of body mass
index (BMI) by sex (2004)
Mound Shaped
Distribution
This shows that obesity is a rising problem in Canada because in men the
percentage of obesity is only 10% below the percentage of the population
with a normal weight and in women it is only 20% below.
Obesity Rates by Fruit
and Vegetable Consumption (2004)
Left Skewed Distribution
MMMM
M
Obesity Rates by
Physical Activity Level (2004)
Left Skewed
Distribution
Obesity
Rates by
Level of
Education
Obtained
(2004)
Prevalence Rate of Diagnosed Diabetes by Age and
Sex (1998/99)
Prevalence Rate of Diagnosed Diabetes by Age and Sex
18
16
Percentage (%)
14
12
Percentage(%) Both
10
Percentage (%) Women
8
Percentage (%) Men
6
4
2
0
20 - 39
20 - 59
60 - 74
Age Group
75 +
Prevalence of Diabetes by Body Mass Index
(BMI) Category
Relative Risk for Comorbidities in Obese
Subjects (1997)
Observations and Conclusions based on
Secondary Data
•Obesity is an rapidly increasing health risk in Canadian
society
•Obesity and diabetes are directly correlated.
•Obesity is a modifiable risk factor of diabetes
•Diet and Physical Exercise prevent both diseases
•Diabetes prevalence in Canada is on the rise. It is already
the 7th leading cause of death. If it continues to increase it
will produce a major health epidemic in our society.
How can we fix this fast
approaching epidemic?
What effect do Canadian’s knowledge,
attitudes, and behaviors concerning
obesity have on type two diabetes?
Section Four
Analyzing Primary Source
Data
Surveyed 100 people
Objectives:
1. Obtain information to back up
secondary sources
2. Explore my thesis and come to some
concrete conclusions
Gender Response Frequency
Gender Distribution of Survey Respondents
60
50
Frequency
40
30
20
10
0
Male
Female
Gender
Unknown
Age Distribution
Age Distribution of Survey Respondents
30
25
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0
Under 14
14-25
26-49
Age
50+
Unknow n
Education Distribution of Survey
Respondents
35
30
Frequency
25
20
15
10
5
0
Elementary
High School
College
University
Level of Education
Postgraduate
Unknow n
Opinions on Ideal BMI
50
45
40
Frequency
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0-19
20-25
26-30
BMI Range
30+
Satisfaction with Diet and
Fitness Level
45
40
Frequency
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Very Satisfied
Satisfied
Disastisfied
Very
Disastisfied
Level of Satisfaction
Unknow n
Pecentage of Canadians Believed to be
Overweight by Survey Respondents
25
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0
0-9%
10-19%
20-29%
30-39%
40-49%
Percent Range
50-59%
60% Plus Unknow n
Survey Respondent's Belief in
Obesity as an Increasing Health
Problem
Don't Care
No
Yes
Respondents' Exercise Behaviour
100%
3
6
Frequency
80%
60%
4
8
5
8
0
13
11
40%
2
Response to "On
average, how many
times per w eek do you
exercise?"
5 or More Times Per
Week
4 Times Per Week
5
10
7
20%
6
1
0%
15 min or less
1
30 min
2
2 Times Per Week
1
4
1
1 hour
Average Length of Exercise
3 Times Per Week
1
0
More than 1 hour
1 Times Per Week
0 Time Per Week
Section Five
Conclusion
Data Sources and Limitations
Bias
Conclusion
Obesity rates in Canada are increasing rapidly. Why? Do Canadians not
know about how to live a healthy life? Do they not care? Are they just
choosing not to live a healthy life? 23% of the population is obese.
Obesity has many serious health consequences, one being diabetes,
which is directly correlated. Diabetes in Canada is on the rise as well.
Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in Canada at the moment. If
obesity leads to the development of type two diabetes then as obesity
continues to rise so will the development of diabetes and ultimately more
deaths.
Conclusion Continued
After many hours of research and analysis of graphs I realized that the Canadian’s
knowledge about obesity and its consequences is reasonably good and their attitude
towards solving the problem and reducing obesity rates is good. Then why are obesity
rates still so high. The reason is behavior. Canadians are not acting upon their
knowledge and attitudes toward obesity. In my survey almost 80% of the people new
the correct number of servings of fruit and vegetables you need per day but in the
secondary source graph 80% were not eating the correct amount. In order to solve the
rising epidemic I believe that the government should develop programs to encourage
the behaviors of Canadians towards a healthy living in order to reduce obesity and thus
reduce diabetes.
Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for diabetes and stats show that an intensive healthy
lifestyle (physical exercise) can reduce the risk of developing type two diabetes in an
obese person by 58%. A person can reduce symptoms of diabetes through physical
activity and proper diet. With obesity being a modifiable risk factor for diabetes, by
improving Canadians behaviors towards obesity we can solve two major health issues as
well as other benefits such as health care costs. If Canada could increase the number of
physically active Canadians by 1% then the annual saving in the cost of treating type two
diabetes would be $877,000. In conclusion obesity is a huge factor in reducing diabetes
and in order to accomplish that the behaviors of Canadians need to be addressed
because that is what the general population is lacking, not the knowledge, not the
attitudes, but the behaviors.
Data Sources and Limitations
Data Sources
The majority of my data was found using reputable statistic sources. The main two data sources I used
were:
Statistics Canada – I found the majority of my raw data for my secondary sources there.
Health Canada – I found many published and approved reports on obesity, diabetes , and the correlation
between the two.
Limitations
For the obesity data there were a few limitations in the secondary sources.
•There was not a lot of available data that included the under 18 age group because the body mass index
standards differ for adults and children. This was a limitation because my survey evaluated data from
people under 18.
•Data was not collected from the territories.
For the diabetes data there was one big limitation and that was the fact that statistics do not differ from
the various types of diabetes. The stats represented all 3 types: type 1, type 2, and gestational. Although
it might have skewed the data slightly, type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% of all cases so it wasn’t too
much of a problem.
sampling interval =population size
sample size
= 32270500
100
= 322705
I encountered a few bias in my survey. The first was
a sampling bias. I sampled 100 people to represent the
population of Canada. My sample didn’t accurately
represent the population.
No non-response bias,
which was surprising
because I thought I
would run into that
problem.
Household bias occurred in my survey
analysis because I did not survey equal
amounts of males and females, and my
age groups were not equally weighted.
The bias did not affect my overall results.