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GISC 6383
Technology Assessment Report
GIS Database Options
By:
Deo Nabar
Uchit Patel
Instructor: Dr. Ronald Briggs
Date: October 21st, 2004
Topics to be covered…..
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Introduction
Generations of DBMS
The Move to Object-Oriented Architectures
Special Data Representation
Special Data Model
• Factors consideration for selecting RDBMS
• Comparison of major RDBMS
(Oracle, DBII, SQL Server, MS Access)
• Spatial features supported by major RDBMS
• Conclusion
Introduction
What is GIS?
• Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized
database management system used for Assembling,
Storing, Manipulating, Analyzing and Displaying
geographically-referenced information of geographic
data in Database Management System (DBMS).
• The role of DBMS in GIS
– GIS is a data driven information system
– Managing the data is a major issue in a GIS
application
Introduction
• What is a database and database management system
– A database is a collection of related data.
– Information generally stored in Tables (rows & columns):
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rows: records, observations, features (ArcInfo and ArcGIS), concepts or entities
– All information about one occurrence of a feature
columns: fields, data element, variables, items (ArcInfo), properties or attributes
– Two-dimentional list (arrey) of records containing attributes of objects.
• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection
of program that enables users to create and maintain
databases.
• Why use a database management system?
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The centralized management of data
To normalize data
To control redundancy
To restrict unauthorized access
To provide multiple user interfaces
To representing complex relationships among data
To enforce integrity constraints
To provide backup and recovery
Why use a database management system?
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With Operating System (OS) files, application
programmer must define data needed and specify its
characteristics and location
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DBMS provides an interface between application
program and physical data files stored by the OS.
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With DBMS, user/programmer defines only data
needed, the DBMS tracks physical location and
characteristics.
DBMS presents logical view of data to user/
programmer, while maintaining internally a physical
view of where and how data is actually stored.
(* from dbconcept.ppt)
User/Programmer
Logical
Data element
DBMS
Physical
field
OS File Structure
Nuts & Bolts of DBMS
• Data Dictionary: inventory of data elements; defines and
stores their characteristics:
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physical characteristics (size, type)
location
ownership and security
usage (last date, programs, reports, etc.)
• Data Definition Language (DDL): language used by data
base administrator to specify the content and structure (the
schema) of the data base
– Originally this was unique to each vendor, and still is to a degree
– UML (Unified Modeling Language) now provides a standardized,
visual-based approach for creating schemas
• Data Manipulation Language (DML): commands permitting
end-users and/or programmers to extract and transform the
data
• structured query language (SQL) is the standard
• Applications often contain point & click interfaces which generate SQL
queries
(* dbconcept.ppt)
Generations of DBMS
DBMS
Characteristics
Problems
Flat file system
-One large file contains all
the data
-Unique Identifier
-Data Redundancy
-Access time is high
-Wastage of memory
-Not easy to add new fields
Navigational file system
(Hierarchical & Network)
-Multiple files with different
record structure
-Record as master or parent
-Each parent have many
child records
-Child records have children
& parents
-Access via parent
-Pointer structure is very
complex
e.g.- IBM’s IMS
Relational DBMS
-Multiple files each with a
different record structure
-Tables can be related on a
common record identifier
-High computational
requirements if many joins
-Tables & E-R carefully
planned e.g.- ESRI’s INFO,
IBM’s DBII, Oracle, Ingress,
Sybase, Informix, SQL
Server, MS-Access
The Move to Object-Oriented Architectures
• Relational (RDBMS)
– Today 95% of corporate data is stored in RDBMS
– COTS DBMS provided by lead industry players such as IBM DB2, Oracle
Universal Server, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server and Access
– Inability to store complete objects directly into the database
– data and code are functionally separate
– Poor performance of RDBMS for many types of geographic query
• Object (ODBMS)
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Designed to address several weaknesses of RDBMS
Object - data encapsulated by code, thus can be “data” or “software code”
ODBMS can store objects persistantly (Semi-permanently on disk).
Provide object-oriented query tools.
ODBMS have been developed by vendors such as, eXcelon Corp-ObjectStore,
GemStone Systems-GemStone.
– Lack of industry support due to massive installed base of RDBMS.
• Object-Relational (ORDBMS)
– Hybrid DBMS - RDBMS engine adapted to handle objects (i.e. data describing
object attributes and behavior of object/methods or functions)
– Many ODBMS capabilities have been added in RDBMS.
– Reuse code and objects in new programs
– Ideal geographic ORDBMS is extended to support geographic Object types and
functions
* GIS text by Longley
Geographic (Spatial) DBMS extensions
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Beginning 2001 – following three major DBMS vendors have released
spatial database extensions to their standard ORDBMS products to
Store, Manage and Query geographic objects.
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IBM DB2 Spatial Extender
Informix Spatial Datablade
Oracle Spatial Option
Main focus of extensions is data storage, retrieval and management,
however they do not have real capabilities for geographic editing,
mapping and analysis. Consequently should be used in conjunction with
a GIS except simplest query-focused applications.
Spatial Data Representations
• Vector data for representing features
– CAD, Coverages, shapefiles, geodatabases
– Classified by three dimensions:
• Points – represents Zero-dimensional shapes for very small areas.
• Lines – represents One-dimensional shapes for narrow areas. Segment
of a line can be stright, circular, elliptical or splined.
• Polygons – two-dimensional shapes for broad geographically features.
Series of segments form a set of closed areas.
• Raster represents gridded data of photos, images, scanned maps.
– Camera and Imaging systems record data as pixel value in a twodimensional Grid or Raster.
– Image data is stored in .bmp, .tiff, .jpeg, .sid, ERDAS formats
– Raster data is in discrete or continuous GRIDS (ESRI’s native file format for
raster)
– Discrete grids (but not continuous) can have attribute data table
Spatial Data Representations
• Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINS) used for modeling surfaces.
– TINs enables surface analysis such as watershed studies, surface
visibility such as peaks, ridges and streams, etc.
– Although TINS are a vector format, as of ArcGIS 9, they are not yet
supported by the Personal Geodatabase and must be stored in
coverage workspaces.
Examples of Spatial Data Representation
• Property associated
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Legal parcel
Assessor parcel
Parcel boundary
plat map
Parcel photograph
Owner
Address
Land value
• Street associated
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Street
Street segment
Intersection
Traffic light
Traffic analysis zone
Bus route
Bus stop
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polygon
polygon
line string
raster
image
alphanumeric
alphanumeric
numeric
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line string
line segment
node
point
polygon
route
point
pixels
abcdef123
110210.67
* dbdesign.ppt
Spatial (Geographic) Data Models
Characteristics
Problems
Computer Aided Design
(CAD)
-Primary approach in 1960-1970
- vector Maps with lines displayed on
CRT, raster maps with overprinted
characters on line printers.
-Store geographic data in binary file
for representations of points, lines
and areas.
-Only graphics but no topological
information
-limited attribute information and
no database
-Different features may be
combined in same layer or feature
class such as road, streams and
railroad on same layer or feature
class
Coverage or
Georelational Model
-In 1981 introduced by ESRI
- Spatial data combined with
attribute data stored in a indexed
binary files and tables
-Stores topological relationship
between vector features.
-Complex structure
-Non industry standard database
must maintain two databases
-Homogeneous collection of
points, lines and polygons with
generic behavior (Road=Stream).
-Data duplicated
Shapefile
-Introduced in 1990 with ArcView 2
-Openly published structure than
proprietary coverage model
-Attribute data stored in a .dbf file
-Spatial data not fully topological
-Requires 3 separate files (.shp
.shx and .dbf) for storage.
-dBase database (.dbf) is currently
out-dated in IT industry.
Geodatabase DBMS model
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Introduced by ESRI with ArcView v8.0 in 2000
• Characteristics
- Built on object oriented concepts and technology
- Brings physical data model closer to logical data model such as owner, parcel, road,
building objects.
- Implement majority of custom behaviors without writing code
• Benefits
- Features are made smarter by endowing them with natural behaviors
- Allowed any sort of relationship to be defined among features
- A uniform repository of all geographic data
- Data entry and editing is more accurate
- Features on a map display are dynamic
- Shapes of features are better defined
- Many user can edit geographic data simultaneously
Geodatabase Today
– The preferred approach to use in GIS today
– Is a true database unlike shapefiles
• Powerful capabilities (domains, validation rules, etc) for ensuring data integrity
and simplifying data entry
– Can be incorporated into “Industry Standard” data bases such as Microsoft
Access, SQL Server, Oracle
Spatial (Geographic) Data Models from
Other Vendors
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Focus is on spatial data models from ESRI, the GIS market
leader
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Other GIS vendors (e.g. MapInfo, Intergraph Geomedia, etc.)
have equivalent data models, although perhaps less
sophisticated than the geodatabase
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Oracle Spatial is offered by Oracle Corporation, the database
market leader
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Many other RDBMS off-the-shelf vendors provide extention to
their existing DBMS as discussed beore.
* dbconcepts.ppt
Spatial File Formats--example
Personal Geodatabase
In a gdb, feature
class can have
Feature data set
only one feature
Feature class (feature type = polygon)
type.
Feature class (feature type = arc)
Coverage (= feature class)
A coverage can
Feature type (arc)
have multiple
feature typesFeature type (point)
now viewed as a
Feature type (polygon)
shortcoming.
Feature type (point)
Coverage (= feature class)
Feature type (arc)
Feature type (point)
Tracts feature class table
Locator (table)
Raster
Shapefile
Shapefile
Features
(rows)
Feature ID
(key field)
Feature
type
Secondary or
Foreign key
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Generations of DBMS
The Move to Object-Oriented Architectures
Special Data Representation
Special Data Model
Topics to be covered…..by Uchit Patel
• Factors consideration for selecting RDBMS
• Comparison of major RDBMS
(Oracle, DBII, SQL Server, MS Access)
• Spatial features supported by major RDBMS
• Conclusion
Factors consideration for selecting RDBMS
- Platform and System requirement
- Data types support
- Manageability
Administrative Assistant
Database Administration
Database Performance
SQL Performance
System Performance
Memory Management
Recovery Management
- Security
- Program language support
- Scalability
- Capability for Spatial Application
- Price
- Ease of Use
Current Market Leaders
Oracle
DBII
SQL Server, MS
Access
Vendor
Oracle
IBM
Version
Oracle 9i
DBII 8.1
Address
Oracle Corporation
500 Oracle Parkway
Redwood Shores,
CA 94065
International Business
Machines Corporation
New Orchard Road
Armonk, NY 10504.
(914) 499-1900
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
1(800)-360-7561
Website
www.oracle.com
www.ibm.com
www.microsoft.com
Microsoft
SQL Server 2000, MS Access
Product description
• Oracle 9i
- Stores and manages more data types than any other
database
- Most advanced SQL, Java, XML, web services
- Sophisticated performance, reliability and security
features
- Easy to configure and manage from any web
browser
• DBII 8.1
- DBII Universal Database is the first multimedia,
web- ready relational dbms strong enough to meet
the demands of large corporations and flexible to
serve small and medium sized businesses
- Open solutions that can access and integrate data
from multiple, geographically separated sources on
different platforms
- Provides object-relational dbms that is ideal for
mobile applications
• SQL Server 2000
- Complete database and analysis offering for rapidly
delivering the next generation of scalable ecommerce, line of business and data warehousing
solutions
- Query, analyze and manipulate data over the web
- XML in SQL Server to exchange data between loosely
coupled systems
- Grow
without limits with enhanced scalability and reliability
features
- Gives advantage of Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) hardware
Platform Requirement
Windows
NT/2000
UNIX
Linux
Oracle 9i
Y
Y
Y
DBII 8.1
Y
Y
Y
SQL Server
2000, MS
Access 2003
Y
N
N
System Requirement
Different for different platform, installation, product edition,
operating system, memory, hard disk and software
Support Data Types
Data Types
Oracle 9i
DBII 8.1
SQL Server
2000
Built-in data
types
-Character
-Character
-Number
-Datetime
-Long and Raw
-Large object
-Rowid
-Graphic string
-Number
-Datetime
-Binary
-External Data
-Character
-Number
-Binary
-Unicode character
User defined
Built-in or other user
defined as building
blocks to model the
structure and behavior
of data
-Distinct
-Structured
-Reference
-object
ANSI SQL
supported
data types
Most data types can be
convert to oracle data
types
Built in data types is the
ANSI SQL data types
Convert to built-in data
types
Manageability
Factor for
Oracle 9i
Comparison
DBII 8.1
Administrative
Assistant
Provides an integrated
management framework includes
configuration and administration
console, security services
SmartDBA Cockpit has power to
manage databases from anywhere and
anytime
Database
Administration
Enterprice Manager provides GUI
to manage instances, database
users, storage structures,
database objects etc.
Change Manager- change
management solution for resolution of
the most complex database changes
Database
Performance
Parallel Server- Real Application
Clusters to use clustered servers
without modification, native
compilation of PL/SQL, better java
performance, distributed database
performance enhancements
Optimizes performance of database
through an integrated set of expert
DBA tools
Factor for
Oracle 9i
Comparison
DBII 8.1
SQL Performance
Hint wizard- adds hints to
optimize execution plan
SQL tuning wizard- rewrites SQL
in order to generate better
execution plan
SQL-Explorer for DBII simulates SQL
execution non-intrusively without
degrading performance
System
Performance
PL/SQL and General I/O latch
contention enhancements
improves system performance
PATROL Database knowledge module
enables us to determine the status of
our databases and navigate through
data and graph
Memory
Management
Self tuning memory
management, Legato storage
manager, Presumable space
allocation, Unused indexed
identification
Space Expert gives intelligent, highest
performance space management
Recovery
Management
Recovery manager and server
managed backup and recovery
SQL- BackTrack is a high-performance
backup and recovery product to simplify
and automate backup and recovery
process
Manageability in SQL Server 2000
• SQL Server 2000 in Windows 2000 and later allow
SQL Server database to be managed centrally
• SQL Server 2000 provides automate management
and tuning as much as possible to reduce the
burden on the administrator
• SQL Server offers institutive wizards to quickly step
administrators through complex tasks
Security
• Oracle 9i
- Enhanced 3 tier security, hosting security, user security
- Role level, function level, row level security
- Advanced security option (EE), Label security (EE), Encryption tool kit, Password
management, Proxy authentication
• DBII 8.1
- User relies on security mechanisms
- User has been authenticated all authorization lies within the database
• SQL Server 2000
- Provides role based security and integrated tools for security auditing
- Provides support for sophisticated file and network encryption
- Certified under U.S. governments with a C2 level
Program Language Support
Oracle 9i
DBII 8.1
SQL Server
2000
Cobol
C/C++
SQL
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
PL/SQL
Visual Basic
Perl
Java
XML
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N (.NET)
Y
Scalability
DBII 8.1
Oracle 9i
SQL Server
2000
MS-Access
-Handle
terabytes of data
-Excellent
scalability
-Handle gigabytes
-Handle
gigabytes of data
but works only on
Intel and
Microsoft's
platform
-Good scalability
-Handle only 2
gigabytes of data
-Very poor
scalability
of data but gives
poor performance
in terabytes of data
-Real Application
Clusters new
servers are added
as required
-Reduced
resources
requirement per
user
-Very good
scalability
Capability for Spatial Application
• Oracle 9i
- Oracle Spatial extender used with EE to manage location information
- Extendable spatial object data types
- Support spatial reference system
- Geometric functions and procedures, coordinate system
transformation functions
- Fully use of SQL language for spatial data operation
• DBII 8.1
- Provide new Spatial extender
- Supplies spatial types to model real world entities
• SQL Server 2000
- No Spatial extender
- Use as a back end database for GIS application
Price
Oracle 9i
Personal Edition
$400 named user
Standard Edition
$15,000 per processor
Enterprise Edition $40,000 per processor
Extra price for Spatial, Data Mining, Label
Security, Advanced Security, Enterprise Manager
tools
DBII 8.1
Version 8.1.4 of DBII Everyplace Enterprise
Database package costs $15,000 per processor
SQL Server 2000
Personal Edition Comes with Enterprise Edition
Enterprise Edition range $1599.95 - $10594.02
per processor
MS-Access
MS-Access comes with MS office
App.. $250
Ease of Use
• Oracle 9i
- Serials of tools to make work easier e.g. Oracle
Developer, Oracle Reports Developer, Oracle Forms
Developer, Oracle e-business suit, Jdeveloper, XML
Developer kit
• DBII 8.1
- Complete suite of GUI administration tools
- Programmer friendly tools for application up and
running quickly
• SQL Server 2000
- Developers tools to access and manipulation of data
- New application by taking advantage of existing code
Conclusion
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Oracle 9i is the most functional mainly because it can be run on any
operating system. Oracle 9i is a fully object-oriented database, it can model
any object in the real world. Finally it has a most of the market share.
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DB II 8.1 has recently moved from main frame to client server architecture
database market. It runs on most operating systems.
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SQL Server 2000 is the least expensive but it can run only on the
Windows/Intel environment.
- Database selection depends on the consistency of the organizational
software system and the functional requirement.
- Migrating the data to a new system may be relatively expensive.
Reference
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www.oracle.com
www.ibm.com
www.microsoft.com
www.bmc.com
http://www.utdallas.edu/~briggs/poec6383.html
Modeling Our World By- Michael Zeiler
Geographic Information Systems and Science ByLongley, Goodchild, Maguire, Rhind