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Sociology Unit 1 Review Terms 1. Sociology – the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. 2. Sociological Imagination- “C. Wright Mills” capacity to shift from perspective to perspective to gain adequate view of society 3. Social science – related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior 4. Common sense is not a reliable tool for studying sociology. 5. Theory – systematic explanation of the relationships among phenoma 6. When did sociology become separate discipline? 19th century 7. What were some of the rapid social and political changes that happened in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries? Industrial revolution, urbanization, American revolution, French revolution 8. The impact of industrialization- move off farms away from family, etc. (see class notes also) 9. The impact of urbanization- swelling population, pollution, crime, etc. (see class notes also) 10. Auguste Comte- father of sociology, concerned with order and change; social statics and social dynamics; positivism 11. Social Statics- forces for social order and stability 12. Social Dynamics- forces for conflict and change 13. Karl Marx- felt society divided between those who owned means of production; those who owned only their own labor; conflict primary cause of social change 14. Working Class- Proletariat- owns only the means of their labor 15. Capitalist Class- Bourgeoisie- owns the means of production 16. Herbert Spencer- felt society was a set of interdependent parts that work together to maintain a system over time- Social Darwinism 17. Social Darwinism- belief that those species of animals including human beings best adapted to environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out 18. Emile Durkheim- felt people were a product of social environment; shared beliefs and values held society together; concerned with strains and anomie; did a large study on suicide 19. Function- positive consequence any element of society has for the maintenance of a social system 20. Anomie- condition in which social control is ineffective as result of loss of shared values and sense of purpose in society 21. Max Weber- wanted sociologists to have “value free” research; felt specialized division of labor was destructive to human vitality; came up with concept of Verstehen 22. Verstehen- understanding, insight and ability to see world as others see it 23. W.E.B. DuBois – research finds that knowledge is essential in combating prejudice and developing an egalitarian society; double consciousness 24. Double consciousness – division of an individual’s identity into two or more social realities 25. Charles Horton Cooley – study of society by investigating smaller units; groups exist only because the members influence each other’s behavior 26. Jane Addams – social reformer fought for an egalitarian society; prevented segregation of Chicago public schools; women’s trade union; Hull House 27. Robert Merton- contemporary functionalist perspective sociologist who clarified the difference between manifest and latent functions 28. Macrosociology – study of large scale phenomena or entire societies 29. Microsociology – study of small groups through experiments 30. Pierre Bourdieu – French; capital sustains individuals & families from one generation to the next 31. Cultural capital – noneconomic goods; i.e family background & education 32. Social capital – collective benefit of social networks including family & friends 33. Functionalist Perspective- macrolevel view; society is like the human body; society is composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability; societal consensus 34. Manifest Function- intended and main function recognized by participants in a social unit (example: car for transportation) 35. Latent Function- unintended functions hidden, remain unacknowledged (example: car as sign of wealth) 36. Dysfunction- undesirable consequence of any element in society (i.e crime) 37. Functionalist Perspective- macrolevel view; society is like the human body; society is composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability; societal consensus 38. Conflict Perspective- macrolevel; continuous power struggle for scarce resources in society; society is characterized by social inequality- Marx 39. Marxist view – conflict in terms of class struggle 40. Feminist view – conflict in terms of gender struggles for equality 41. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective- microlevel; society is the sum of the interactions of people and groups- behavior is learned in interaction with other people- no identity without communication