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Types of Sentences: Declarative: Tells about something or makes a statement. Most sentences are declarative and they end with a period. I like pizza. I visited my grandparents. Imperative: This sentences gives a command or a request. They mostly end with a period, but sometimes they can end with an exclamation point. Stay in your seat. Please feed the dog. Turn to page 33 in your math book. Interrogative: Exclamatory: These sentences always ask a question and end with a question mark. Watch for these clue words at the beginning of a sentence: Do, Where, What, When, Have, How, Will, Are, Is - Are you going to the store? Where will I find you? Expresses excitement or strong emotion. They always end with an exclamation point. That was awesome! I’m sick of this! These words signal that a noun will follow, oftentimes the very next word. Examples: a, an, the, some, no, any, all, the, this, that, your, my, their, every, many, each, our, her, his, its Nouns underlined: I want some milk. An elephant can’t eat any meat. Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . Words that name persons, places, and things. Common Nouns . . . . . . Names a whole group of persons, places, and things. Proper Nouns . . . . . . . Names a particular person, place, or thing. boy, dog Johnny, Fido Singular Nouns . . . . . . Names one person, place, or thing. girl, town, apple Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . Names more than one person, place, or thing. Possessive Nouns . . . . A noun that shows ownership. girls, towns, apples the builder’s tools - one builder the builders’ tools – many builders Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . A word used in place of a noun. Singular Pronouns I Plural Pronouns my mine me you your yours he his him she her hers it its we our ours us you your yours they their theirs them Subject Pronouns I we you he it they Object Pronouns she me us him her them Spelling rules for plural nouns. 1. Add s to most nouns cat, cats 2. If the noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, add es. box, boxes 3. When the noun ends in y with a consonant before it, Change the y to i and add es. 4. If the noun ends in y with a vowel before it, add s. fly, flies 5. To some nouns ending in f, add s. 6. To some nouns ending in f or fe, change the f or fe to v and add es. 7. Some nouns stay the same for singular and plural. 8. Some nouns have an irregular plural. chief, chiefs roof, roofs knife, knives elf, elves, sheep, sheep deer, deer goose, geese mouse, mice monkey, monkeys Appositives - a word or group of words that identifies or renames another word in a sentence. An appositive provides more information about a noun. Appositives are set off by commas. The sentence will still make sense is you leave the appositive out. Jimbo Gold, a professional magician, performed at my sister's birthday party. Gus, Eric's black and white cat, slowly crept up behind the kittens. My brother, a human garbage disposal, consumed five cheeseburgers in one sitting last night. Action Verbs . . . . . Words that tell about an action . He walked to school. Linking Verbs . . . . . Verbs that state that something is ; state-of-being She is pretty. Helping Verbs . . . . When a verb is made up of two or more words, the last word is the main verb. The other words are called helping verbs. Common linking verbs: am is are was were Common helping verbs: am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, be, been, being Example: They could have arrived on time. . . . . . . The words a, an, and the always modify nouns and are also adjectives. . . . . Words that modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may come before or after the word it describes. Adjectives tell what kind, how many, and which ones. Examples of what kind orange round red fat long funny young small dangerous helpful colorful furry vicious playful loveable eager Short adjectives use -er or - est Longer adjectives use more or most Irregular adjectives Examples of how many seven (any number word) some many few several more Examples of which ones this that these those each Comparing 1 thing Comparing 2 things Comparing 3 + things short tall hot difficult beautiful shorter taller hotter more difficult more beautiful shortest tallest hottest most difficult most beautiful good bad much little better worse more less best worst most least My mom is short. My sister is shorter than my mom. I am the shortest of all. This test is difficult. The reading test was more difficult than the math test. The science test was the most difficult. This was a good day. Today was better than yesterday. Saturday is the best day of the week. Adverbs . . . . Words that modify or describe verbs. Many adverbs end in –ly. Adverbs tell how Adverbs tell where Adverbs tell when well badly rudely fast easily quickly slowly swiftly loudly hard much Fido barked loudly. inside outside up down here there nowhere far immediately now then early often today soon sometimes tomorrow away never often always I wake up early. The ball is outside. Adverbs tell to what extent quite almost very too She is very quiet.