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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS CONTAINING CARBON AND HYDROGEN ONCE THOUGHT TO BE PRODUCED ONLY BY LIVING THINGS * INORGANIC COMPOUNDS DO NOT CONTAIN BOTH CARBON AND HYDROGEN FOUR MAJOR GROUPS: CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBON’S UNUSUAL BONDING ABILITY (4 COVALENT BONDS) PERMITS THE FORMATION OF LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES ESSENTIAL TO LIFE. CARBON CHAINS BRANCHED OR UN-BRANCHED AND RINGS THE SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING ITS BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND FUNCTION. CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS & STARCHES CARBOHYDRATE = “HYDRATE (WATER) OF CARBON” REFLECTING 2:1 HYDROGEN/OXYGEN RATIO H2O PRIMARILY USED AS: SOURCES OF ENERGY AND FOOD-STORAGE PRIMARY STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF PLANT CELL WALLS. MONOSACCHARIDES: SIMPLE SUGARS FORMED IN CHAINS OR RINGS 3 CARBONS - TRIOSE GLYCERALDEHYDE, DIHYDROXYACETONE 5 CARBONS - PENTOSE RIBOSE, DEOXYRIBOSE 6 CARBONS - HEXOSE ( C6H12O6 ) GALACTOSE GLUCOSE - FRUCTOSE - (ISOMERIC - SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULA) DISACCHARIDES: SUGARS MADE-UP OF TWO MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE = MALTOSE GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE (TABLE SUGAR) GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE = LACTOSE (MILK SUGAR) POLYSACCHARIDES: COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF CHAINS OF RINGS STARCH FOOD STORAGE COMPOUND IN PLANTS 100’S OR 1000’S OF SIMPLE SUGARS FORMING BRANCHED CHAINS GLYCOGEN - FOOD STORAGE COMPOUND IN ANIMALS MORE COMPLEX AND BRANCHED THAN STARCHES CELLULOSE - PRIMARY COMPONENT IN PLANT CELL WALLS UNBRANCHED CHAINS INSOLUABLE IN WATER - BONDS ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE IN STARCH ONLY SOME MICROORGANISMS CAN DIGEST MODIFIED CARBOHYDRATES: AMINO SUGARS (OH REPLACED BY NH2) FOUND IN CARTILAGE & CHITIN GLYCOPROTEINS (CARBO + PROTEIN) PRESENT ON SURFACE OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS GLYCOLIPIDS (CARBO + LIPID) PRESENT ON SURFACE OF ANIMAL CELLS LIPIDS: FATS, OILS AND WAXES INSOLUBLE IN WATER CONTAINING CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN (H:O RATIO IS GREATER THAN 2:1) SOURCE OF ENERGY STORAGE AND COMPONENT OF CELLULAR STRUCTURES SUCH AS MEMBRANES MANY LIPIDS CONSIST OF A GLYCEROL MOLECULE AND THREE FATTY ACIDS. FORMATION BY DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS RELEASES 3 WATER MOLECULES. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS BUILDS MOLECULES CHEMICAL PROCESS BY WHICH SIMPLE MOLECULES ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER MOLECULES BY THE REMOVAL OF WATER. THE HYDROGEN ATOM (H) FROM ONE MOLECULE AND A HYDROXYL GROUP (OH) FROM THE OTHER, PRODUCE A MOLECULE OF WATER (HOH). THE TWO MOLECULES BOND TOGETHER WHERE THE H AND OH WERE REMOVED. HYDROLYSIS BREAKS DOWN MOLECULES THE REVERSE CHEMICAL PROCESS OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS. WATER REACTS WITH A COMPLEX MOLECULE AND BREAKS IT APART SUPPLYING A HYDROGEN ATOM (H) TO ONE MOLECULE AND A HYDROXYL GROUP TO THE OTHER MOLECULE. MOLECULAR (EMPIRICAL) FORMULAS SHOWS HOW MANY ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT ARE IN A COMPOUND. WATER H2O CARBON DIOXIDE CO2 SODIUM CHLORIDE NaCl GLUCOSE C6H12O6 FRUCTOSE C6H12O6 CHOLESTEROL C22H45OH STRUCTURAL FORMULAS SHOWS HOW THE ATOMS OF A COMPOUND ARE BONDED TOGETHER (DIAGRAM THE BONDING PATTERNS)