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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING CARBON AND HYDROGEN ONCE
THOUGHT TO BE PRODUCED ONLY BY LIVING THINGS
* INORGANIC COMPOUNDS DO NOT CONTAIN BOTH CARBON AND
HYDROGEN
FOUR MAJOR GROUPS:
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
CARBON’S UNUSUAL BONDING ABILITY (4 COVALENT BONDS)
PERMITS THE FORMATION OF LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES
ESSENTIAL TO LIFE.
CARBON CHAINS BRANCHED OR UN-BRANCHED AND RINGS
THE SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING
ITS BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND FUNCTION.
CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS & STARCHES
CARBOHYDRATE = “HYDRATE (WATER) OF CARBON”
REFLECTING 2:1 HYDROGEN/OXYGEN RATIO H2O
PRIMARILY USED AS:
SOURCES OF ENERGY AND FOOD-STORAGE
PRIMARY STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF PLANT CELL WALLS.
MONOSACCHARIDES: SIMPLE SUGARS FORMED IN CHAINS OR
RINGS
3 CARBONS - TRIOSE GLYCERALDEHYDE, DIHYDROXYACETONE
5 CARBONS - PENTOSE
RIBOSE, DEOXYRIBOSE
6 CARBONS - HEXOSE ( C6H12O6 )
GALACTOSE
GLUCOSE - FRUCTOSE -
(ISOMERIC - SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT
STRUCTURAL FORMULA)
DISACCHARIDES: SUGARS MADE-UP OF TWO
MONOSACCHARIDES
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
= MALTOSE
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE (TABLE SUGAR)
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE = LACTOSE (MILK SUGAR)
POLYSACCHARIDES: COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP
OF
CHAINS OF RINGS
STARCH FOOD STORAGE COMPOUND IN PLANTS
100’S OR 1000’S OF SIMPLE SUGARS FORMING
BRANCHED CHAINS
GLYCOGEN - FOOD STORAGE COMPOUND IN ANIMALS
MORE COMPLEX AND BRANCHED THAN STARCHES
CELLULOSE - PRIMARY COMPONENT IN PLANT CELL WALLS
UNBRANCHED CHAINS
INSOLUABLE IN WATER - BONDS ARE DIFFERENT
FROM
THOSE IN STARCH
ONLY SOME MICROORGANISMS CAN DIGEST
MODIFIED CARBOHYDRATES:
AMINO SUGARS (OH REPLACED BY NH2) FOUND IN CARTILAGE &
CHITIN
GLYCOPROTEINS (CARBO + PROTEIN)
PRESENT ON SURFACE
OF
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
GLYCOLIPIDS (CARBO + LIPID) PRESENT ON SURFACE OF ANIMAL
CELLS
LIPIDS:
FATS, OILS AND WAXES
INSOLUBLE IN WATER
CONTAINING CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
(H:O RATIO IS GREATER THAN 2:1)
SOURCE OF ENERGY STORAGE AND COMPONENT OF CELLULAR
STRUCTURES SUCH AS MEMBRANES
MANY LIPIDS CONSIST OF A GLYCEROL MOLECULE AND THREE
FATTY ACIDS.
FORMATION BY DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS RELEASES 3 WATER
MOLECULES.
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
BUILDS MOLECULES
CHEMICAL PROCESS BY WHICH SIMPLE MOLECULES ARE JOINED
TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER MOLECULES BY THE REMOVAL OF
WATER.
THE HYDROGEN ATOM (H) FROM ONE MOLECULE AND A
HYDROXYL GROUP (OH) FROM THE OTHER, PRODUCE A
MOLECULE OF WATER (HOH). THE TWO MOLECULES BOND
TOGETHER WHERE THE H AND OH WERE REMOVED.
HYDROLYSIS
BREAKS DOWN MOLECULES
THE REVERSE CHEMICAL PROCESS OF DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS.
WATER REACTS WITH A COMPLEX MOLECULE AND BREAKS IT
APART SUPPLYING A HYDROGEN ATOM (H) TO ONE MOLECULE
AND A HYDROXYL GROUP TO THE OTHER MOLECULE.
MOLECULAR (EMPIRICAL) FORMULAS
SHOWS HOW MANY ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT ARE IN A
COMPOUND.
WATER
H2O
CARBON DIOXIDE
CO2
SODIUM CHLORIDE
NaCl
GLUCOSE
C6H12O6
FRUCTOSE
C6H12O6
CHOLESTEROL
C22H45OH
STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
SHOWS HOW THE ATOMS OF A COMPOUND ARE BONDED
TOGETHER
(DIAGRAM THE BONDING PATTERNS)