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Chapter 16- Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table I. II. III. Structure of the Atom a. _____________ are abbreviated in scientific shorthand- first letter or two of an element’s name. b. ____________- smallest piece of matter that still has the properties of the element i. ____________ have electrical charge of 1+. ii. ____________ do not have an electrical charge. iii. ____________ have electrical charge of 1-. iv. Protons and neutrons are in the ________________ of an atom; electrons surround the nucleus. c. i. Protons and neutrons are made up of smaller particles called ____________. ii. Six quarks are known to exist; the sixth is called the _______ quark. d. Scientists use scaled-up _____________ to represent atoms. i. Early models of atoms used a solid ______________. ii. Current ___________________ model shows electrons traveling in specific energy levels around a nucleus of protons and neutrons. Masses of Atoms a. _________________- composed mostly of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus i. Unit of measurement of atomic particles is ___________________ which is one-twelfth the mass of a carbon atom containing six protons and six neutrons. ii. _________________- the number of protons in an atom; number of protons also identifies the element. iii. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is the ___________________. b. ______________- atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons i. Different isotopes have different _________________. ii. Number of _______________ is equal to mass number minus atomic number. iii. Name of _______________ followed by mass number identifies the isotopes. iv. ______________________________ is the weighted-average mass of an element’s isotopes. v. Average atomic mass is closest to its most a_______________ isotope. The Periodic Table a. Elements are organized in the _________________ by increasing atomic number. i. In the late 1800’s, Dmitri Mendeleev devised the first periodic table based on __________________. ii. In 1913, Henry G. J. Moseley arranged the elements by __________________ rather than atomic mass. b. Vertical columns in the periodic table are _____________ of elements with similar properties. i. Elements in the same group have the same number of ____________ in their outer energy level. ii. Each of the seven energy levels can have a ________________ number of electrons. 1. Energy level one can contain at most _______ electrons. 2. Energy level two can contain at most _______ electrons. iii. Each row in the periodic table ends when an outer energy level is _______________. iv. ______________________ use the elements symbol and dots to represent outer energy level electrons. c. _____________- horizontal row of elements that contain increasing numbers of protons and electrons. i. Elements are ______________ as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids (semimetals). ii. Elements are ________________ in laboratories all over the world. d. The _________ elements exist all over the universe. i. Hydrogen and helium are the _________________ of other naturally occurring elements. ii. ________________ spread heavier elements throughout the universe.