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Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide *All biology exams and quizzes are open note! 3_2 Classification * Linnaean Classification * Changed from 3 kingdoms to 5 kingdoms because of: * Microscopes – new info about single celled organisms * New Knowledge –about how organisms are different, and about their structures and functions * Gene and protein sequences – show relationships between species(*better than just comparing outward appearances) * Kingdom(*most inclusive)-- Phylum-- Class-- Order-- Family-- Genus-- Species(*least inclusive) * 3 Domains * are larger umbrellas above the kingdoms * Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya * Prokaryotes: Bacteria(*common bacteria) and Archaea (*extreme conditions bacteria)Domains * Eukaryotes: Eukarya Domain - Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists(have a nucleus) * Viruses: * Not classified in Linnaean Classification * No cells * Cannot reproduce outside of a host * Non-living 3_3 Bacteria * * Bacteria Domain vs Archaea Domain – Based on: * Different cell walls * RNA polymerase differences * Common bacteria vs extreme conditions Reproduction through Binary Fission – * bacteria doubles in size, DNA is replicated and passed on as the cell splits in two * Similar to mitosis * Could involve transformation, transduction, and conjugation – new genes = better adapted to changes * Conjugation – two bacteria exchange genetic material (similar to sexual reproduction) Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide *All biology exams and quizzes are open note! * * Bacterial Infection Reminders * Pathogenic = disease-causing (not all bacteria are pathogenic) * Antibiotics are made by/from bacteria to target other bacteria * Antibiotics only attack cells with specific receptors * Antibiotics disable the cell by attacking the cell wall, membrane, or protein/nucleic acid production * If some pathogenic bacteria survive a round of antibiotics, they can reproduce and pass on that resistance to all of their offspring Good bacteri: Digestion, Decomposition, Foods like yogurt and salami, Insecticides & vitamins 3_4 Protists * Protist General Info * Require a moist environment * Simple organisms * Play an important role in the food chain * Grouped according to how the acquire food: * Animal-like – heterotrophs that “swallow” food * Plant-like – autotrophs that photosynthesize * Fungus-like – heterotrophs that absorb nutrients * Animal-like Protists * Example – amoeba * Mobile * * *Some live in colonies * Very diverse kingdom use flagella, pseudopodia, or cillia for locomotion(to move) Heterotrophic – must take in food * endocytosis or pinocytosis * Cell membrane captures the food source by surrounding it * The food source is digested in the cytoplasm Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide *All biology exams and quizzes are open note! * * Plant-like Protists * Examples – kelp, red algae * Autotrophic – can photosynthesize Fungus-like Protists * Example – slime mold * Heterotrophic – absorption, decomposers * DO YOU KNOW: * Which includes more species: A) Order * Which one is living: A) Bacterium * B) Eukarya What would a scientist look at to determine which domain a bacterium belongs to? A)nuclear membrane * B) Virus If an organism’s cells have a nucleus, which Domain is it in: A) Archaea * B) Family B) RNA polymerase Which protists might use endocytosis to get food? * A)brown algae B) amoebas * 3_5 FUNGUS • Fungi are eukaryotic (not bacteria!) • Fungi are heterotrophs that break down nutrients in the soil for energy (decomposers) • Plants are autotrophs Animals break down food internally Fungi DO have a cell wall made of chitin Animals do not have a cell wall Plants cell wall is made of cellulose Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide *All biology exams and quizzes are open note! *FUNGUS ANATOMY - Network of hyphae makes up the mycelium – Hyphae is responsible for releasing enzymes to break down nutrients and then absorbing the nutrients - Sexual reproduction: the hyphae grows above ground and creates a stolon. - Stolons of 2 different fungi connect to make gametangia - Gametangia make gametes and gametes make baby fungi 3_6 Plants Vascular Plants o Nonflowering Reproduce by Cones Example: Gymnosperms o Flowering Have Flowers or fruit Example: Angiosperms o Seedless Vascular Reproduce by Spores Example: Ferns Nonvascular o Lack xylem and Phloem o Example: Mosses 3_7 Plant Tissues o Ground Tissue o photosynthesis, storage, and support. o Collenchyma ,Sclerenchyma , and Parenchyma o Vascular Tissue o Transport or water, food , and minerals o Xylem and Phloem o Dermal Tissue o Protect Cells from water loss and gas exchange o Parenchyma o Xylem o Brings water and nutrients up from the roots to the rest of the plant. o Dead at Maturity o Phloem o Carries glucose made during photosynthesis (predominately in the leaves) to the rest of the plant cells. o Alive at Maturity o Hormones Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide *All biology exams and quizzes are open note! Plant Hormones o Abcisic Acid controls budding o Auxins control Tropisms o Cytokinins promote growth o Ethylene controls budding o Gibberellins promote growth and controls budding 3_8 Plant Reproduction Gymnosperm Reproduction o Male Cone – Pollen o Female Cone - Egg o Pollen fertilizes the Egg Angiosperm Reproduction o Produce Flowers o Stamen – Pollen o Pistil- Ovule Sporophyte Dominate Separate Male and Female Gametophytes Gametophytes Grow within sporophytes Flagellate Male Gametophytes Spores Release into the environment Mosses(nonvascular no plants) Ferns(seedless yes vascular) Gymnosperms yes yes no yes yes no no yes yes yes yes no no Angiosperms no yes no no yes Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide *All biology exams and quizzes are open note! *KINGDOM REFRESHER * Match the characteristic to the correct kingdom A. Eukaryotic B. Prokaryotic C. Most are unicellular D. All are unicellular E. All are multicellular F. Cell Wall of chitin G. No cell wall H. Cell wall of cellulose * B,D Bacteria * A,C Protista * Fungi A, E, F * Plant A, E, H * Animal A, E, G *3_9 HOW ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIED 1. Body Cavity – * Coelomate (true cavity): humans * Psuedocoelomate (false cavity): round worms * Acoelomate (no cavity): flatworms 2. Physiology • Invertebrate has no backbone • Vertebrate has a backbone 3. Embryotic cell division, embryo development, genetic sequencings 4. Symmetry - Animals demonstrate either (A) radial or (B) bilateral symmetry Jellyfish: __A___ Planaria: __B____ Anemone: __A___ Sand Dollar: __A___ Butterfly: __B___ Human: __B___ Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide *All biology exams and quizzes are open note! *VERTEBRATES This is the chart from the alternate assessment from last week’s animal live lesson. You will need the alternate COMPLETED before you take the exam! Name Ecothermic or Endothermic? Fish # Chambers in heart 2 Ectothermic Amphibians Ectothermic 3 Reptiles Ectothermic Birds Gills in 1st life stage and lungs in 2nd life stage (also use skin which must remain moist) Lungs 3 4 Endothermic Mammals Gas Transfer (lungs or gills) Use gills to remove oxygen from water. Endothermic Lungs(also have air sac to get extra oxygen for energy) Lungs 4 Offspring (eggs or live birth) Reproduce by laying eggs(either internally or externally) Example Eggs are laid in water (they lay LOTS of them) Cuban tree frog Amniotic Egg (do not need to lay as many as amphibians/fish) Amniotic Eggs Komodo dragon or Burmese python Live birth(with two exceptions) Pandas, sloths or platypuses Jawed or jawless fish Jawed fish are broken into 2 groups: bony and cartilaginous fish Penguins, hummingbirds, or eagles