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Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide
*All biology exams and quizzes are open note!
3_2 Classification
*
Linnaean Classification
*
Changed from 3 kingdoms to 5 kingdoms because of:
*
Microscopes – new info about single celled organisms
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New Knowledge –about how organisms are different, and about their structures and functions
*
Gene and protein sequences – show relationships between species(*better than just comparing
outward appearances)
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Kingdom(*most inclusive)-- Phylum-- Class-- Order-- Family-- Genus-- Species(*least
inclusive)
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3 Domains
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are larger umbrellas above the kingdoms
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Prokaryotes: Bacteria(*common bacteria) and Archaea (*extreme conditions bacteria)Domains
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Eukaryotes: Eukarya Domain - Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists(have a nucleus)
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Viruses:
*
Not classified in Linnaean Classification
*
No cells
*
Cannot reproduce outside of a host
*
Non-living
3_3 Bacteria
*
*
Bacteria Domain vs Archaea Domain – Based on:
*
Different cell walls
*
RNA polymerase differences
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Common bacteria vs extreme conditions
Reproduction through Binary Fission –
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bacteria doubles in size, DNA is replicated and passed on as the cell splits in two
*
Similar to mitosis
*
Could involve transformation, transduction, and conjugation – new genes = better
adapted to changes
*
Conjugation – two bacteria exchange genetic material (similar to sexual reproduction)
Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide
*All biology exams and quizzes are open note!
*
*
Bacterial Infection Reminders
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Pathogenic = disease-causing (not all bacteria are pathogenic)
*
Antibiotics are made by/from bacteria to target other bacteria
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Antibiotics only attack cells with specific receptors
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Antibiotics disable the cell by attacking the cell wall, membrane, or protein/nucleic acid
production
*
If some pathogenic bacteria survive a round of antibiotics, they can reproduce and pass
on that resistance to all of their offspring
Good bacteri: Digestion, Decomposition, Foods like yogurt and salami, Insecticides & vitamins
3_4 Protists
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Protist General Info
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Require a moist environment
*
Simple organisms
*
Play an important role in the food chain
*
Grouped according to how the acquire food:
*
Animal-like – heterotrophs that “swallow” food
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Plant-like – autotrophs that photosynthesize
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Fungus-like – heterotrophs that absorb nutrients
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Animal-like Protists
*
Example – amoeba
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Mobile
*
*
*Some live in colonies
* Very diverse kingdom
use flagella, pseudopodia, or cillia for locomotion(to move)
Heterotrophic – must take in food
*
endocytosis or pinocytosis
*
Cell membrane captures the food source by surrounding it
*
The food source is digested in the cytoplasm
Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide
*All biology exams and quizzes are open note!
*
*
Plant-like Protists
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Examples – kelp, red algae
*
Autotrophic – can photosynthesize
Fungus-like Protists
*
Example – slime mold
*
Heterotrophic – absorption, decomposers
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DO YOU KNOW:
*
Which includes more species:
A) Order
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Which one is living:
A) Bacterium
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B) Eukarya
What would a scientist look at to determine which domain a bacterium belongs to?
A)nuclear membrane
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B) Virus
If an organism’s cells have a nucleus, which Domain is it in:
A) Archaea
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B) Family
B) RNA polymerase
Which protists might use endocytosis to get food?
*
A)brown algae
B) amoebas
* 3_5 FUNGUS
•
Fungi are eukaryotic (not bacteria!)
•
Fungi are heterotrophs that break down nutrients in the soil for energy (decomposers)
•

Plants are autotrophs

Animals break down food internally
Fungi DO have a cell wall made of chitin

Animals do not have a cell wall

Plants cell wall is made of cellulose
Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide
*All biology exams and quizzes are open note!
*FUNGUS ANATOMY
- Network of hyphae makes up the mycelium
– Hyphae is responsible for releasing enzymes to break down nutrients and then absorbing the nutrients
- Sexual reproduction: the hyphae grows above ground and creates a stolon.
- Stolons of 2 different fungi connect to make gametangia
- Gametangia make gametes and gametes make baby fungi
3_6 Plants


Vascular Plants
o Nonflowering
 Reproduce by Cones
 Example: Gymnosperms
o Flowering
 Have Flowers or fruit
 Example: Angiosperms
o Seedless Vascular
 Reproduce by Spores
 Example: Ferns
Nonvascular
o Lack xylem and Phloem
o Example: Mosses
3_7 Plant Tissues
o Ground Tissue
o photosynthesis, storage, and support.
o Collenchyma ,Sclerenchyma , and Parenchyma
o Vascular Tissue
o Transport or water, food , and minerals
o Xylem and Phloem
o Dermal Tissue
o Protect Cells from water loss and gas exchange
o Parenchyma
o Xylem
o Brings water and nutrients up from the roots to the rest of the plant.
o Dead at Maturity
o Phloem
o Carries glucose made during photosynthesis (predominately in the leaves) to the
rest of the plant cells.
o Alive at Maturity
o Hormones
Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide
*All biology exams and quizzes are open note!

Plant Hormones
o Abcisic Acid controls budding
o Auxins control Tropisms
o Cytokinins promote growth
o Ethylene controls budding
o Gibberellins promote growth and controls budding
3_8 Plant Reproduction

Gymnosperm Reproduction
o Male Cone – Pollen
o Female Cone - Egg
o Pollen fertilizes the Egg

Angiosperm Reproduction
o Produce Flowers
o Stamen – Pollen
o Pistil- Ovule
Sporophyte
Dominate
Separate Male
and Female
Gametophytes
Gametophytes
Grow within
sporophytes
Flagellate
Male
Gametophytes
Spores
Release into
the
environment
Mosses(nonvascular no
plants)
Ferns(seedless
yes
vascular)
Gymnosperms
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
Angiosperms
no
yes
no
no
yes
Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide
*All biology exams and quizzes are open note!
*KINGDOM REFRESHER
*
Match the characteristic to
the correct kingdom
A. Eukaryotic
B. Prokaryotic
C. Most are unicellular
D. All are unicellular
E. All are multicellular
F. Cell Wall of chitin
G. No cell wall
H. Cell wall of cellulose
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B,D
Bacteria
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A,C
Protista
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Fungi
A, E, F
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Plant
A, E, H
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Animal
A, E, G
*3_9 HOW ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIED
1. Body Cavity –
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Coelomate (true cavity): humans
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Psuedocoelomate (false cavity): round worms
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Acoelomate (no cavity): flatworms
2. Physiology
•
Invertebrate has no backbone
•
Vertebrate has a backbone
3. Embryotic cell division, embryo development, genetic sequencings
4. Symmetry - Animals demonstrate either (A) radial or (B) bilateral symmetry
Jellyfish: __A___
Planaria: __B____
Anemone: __A___
Sand Dollar: __A___
Butterfly: __B___
Human: __B___
Unit 3(B) Exam Study Guide
*All biology exams and quizzes are open note!
*VERTEBRATES
This is the chart from the alternate assessment from last week’s animal live lesson. You will need the
alternate COMPLETED before you take the exam!
Name
Ecothermic or
Endothermic?
Fish
# Chambers
in heart
2
Ectothermic
Amphibians
Ectothermic
3
Reptiles
Ectothermic
Birds
Gills in 1st life
stage and lungs
in 2nd life stage
(also use skin
which must
remain moist)
Lungs
3
4
Endothermic
Mammals
Gas Transfer
(lungs or gills)
Use gills to
remove oxygen
from water.
Endothermic
Lungs(also have
air sac to get
extra oxygen for
energy)
Lungs
4
Offspring (eggs
or live birth)
Reproduce by
laying
eggs(either
internally or
externally)
Example
Eggs are laid in
water (they lay
LOTS of them)
Cuban tree frog
Amniotic Egg
(do not need to
lay as many as
amphibians/fish)
Amniotic Eggs
Komodo dragon
or Burmese
python
Live birth(with
two exceptions)
Pandas, sloths
or platypuses
Jawed or
jawless fish
Jawed fish are
broken into 2
groups: bony
and
cartilaginous
fish
Penguins,
hummingbirds,
or eagles