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Group
Dorsal Extensor
expansion: bye bye
muscles ***
Thenar
Adductor
Hypothenar
Central
Muscle
Interosseous
Function
Blood
Nerve
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponen pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis – oblique and
transverse heads
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
Abducts the thumb
Opposes the thumb
Flexes the thumb
Superficial branch of
radial artery
Median nerve
Lumbricals – first and fourth
Lumbrical
Adducts thumb
Deep branch of ulnar
Abducts pinky
Flexes pinky
Opposes pinky
Ulnar
Flex metacarpophalangeal
and extend interphalangeal
First – recurrent branch of
the median nerve; Fourth
– deep branch of ulnar
nerve
Fibrous digital sheath
Flexor digitorum profundus
tendon
Flexor digitorum superficialis
tendon
Dorsal interoosei - 4(DAB)
Interossous
Extend interphalangeal,
flex metaphalangeal
Dorsal metacarpal artery,
palmar metacarpal artery
Deep branch of ulnar
Palmar interossei - 3(PAD)
Thickened fascia **
Extensor retinaculum
Palmaris brevis
Palmaris longus
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Superficial extensor group
of arm
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Holds the extensor
muscles in place
Wrinkle skin of palm
Flexes wrist
Forearm flexor
Extensor at wrist joint;
abducts the hand at the
wrist
Extension of hand and
fingers
Extends little finger at all
joints
Extends and adducts the
Ulnar artery
Radial nerve
Radial
Posterior interosseus
artery and ulnar artery
Ulnar
Superficial branch of ulnar
Median nerve
Radial recurrent artery
Radial
Deep branch of radial
nerve
Posterior interossei nerve
Abductor pollicis longus
wrist
Abductsm extension the
thumb
Extensor pollicis brevis
Deep extensor group of
arm
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Supinator
Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Addcutor compartment of
thigh (Medial)
Adductor magnus**
Obturator externus
Biceps femoris – long**
Flexor compartment of
thigh (Posterior)
Biceps femoris – short**
Semitendinosus
Semimembraneosus
Sartorius “tailor’s”
Extensor compartment of
thigh (Anterior)
Iliopsoas
Pectineus**
Q.f – Rectus femoris
Q.f – Vastus medialis
Extends thumb at
metacarpophalangeal joint
and interphalangeal joints
Extend second digit and
help extend hand at rest
Supinate forearm
Adductor – weak. Used
for grafting. Flexion and
medial rotation of knee
Adduction of hip
Adduction of hip
Adductor portion –
adduction of hip
Hamstring portion –
extension of hip
Lateral rotation of hip,
steadies femoral head in
acetabulum
Flexes leg at knee joint,
laterally rotates knee when
flexed; extends hip joint
(long head only)
Flexes knee; extends hip
joint; medially rotate leg
Flexion of hip and knee,
assists in abduction and
lateral roation of hip joint
Chief flexor of hip
Flexion, medial rotation
and adduction of hip
Extension of knee; flexion
of hip
Extension of hip
Posterior interosseous
artery
Radial recurrent artery
Obturator
Obturator
Obturator and deep
femoral
Obturator
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
Obturator
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
Inferior gluteul artery,
perforating artery,
popliteal artery
Common fibular part of
sciatic
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
Profundus femoris; gluteul
artery
Sciatic
Femoral
Femoral
Femoral (L2, L3, L4) and
obturator
Femoral
Femoral
Q.f. – vastus lateralis
Q.f – Vastus intermediius
Superfical gluteul muscles
Gluteus maximus
Extends thigh
Superficial branch of
superior glueteal artery;
inferior gluteal artery
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Abduct and medially
rotate thigh; keep pelvis
level when other leg is
raised
Deep branch of superior
gluteal artery
Superior gluteul nerve
Inferior and superior
glutueal artery; lateral
sacral artery
Branches of the anterior
ramie S1, S2
Tensor fascia lata
Piriformis
Deep glutuel muscles
Superior gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior gemellus
Quadtratus femoris
Semitendonous
Semimembranous
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Tibialis anterior
Anterior compartment of
leg
Lateral compartment of
leg
Posterior – Superifical
compartment of leg
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Gastrocnemuis
Soleus (peripheral heart)
Plantaris
Popliteus
Posterior – Deep
compartment of leg
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Laterally rotate extended
thigh; steady femoral head
in acetabulum
inferior gluteal artery
inferior gluteal artery
Main extensors of the hip
used in normal walking;
maintain the relaxed
standing position; rotation
of the flexed knee
Strong inverter;
dorsiflexor
Inferior gluetul nerve
Nerve to the obturator
internus
Nerve to the quadratus
femoris
inferior gluteal artery
(superficial); perforating
arteries of femoral artery
Tibial division of sciatic
nerve
Deep peroneal nerve
Dorsiflexion
Anterior tibial artery
which continues to the
dorsalis pedis artery
Eversion, plantar flexion
Peroneal artery
Superficial Peroneal nerve
Plantar flexion, flexes leg
at knee joint
Posterior tibial artery
Medial rotation and
flexion of knee
Inversion of foot; planter
fexion
Flexes big toe; plantar
Flexes the digits
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Peroneal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Tibial
Medial Layer 1
Abductor hallucis
Abducts and flexes great
toe
Medial plantar nerve
Medial Layer 2
Medial Layer 3
Flexor hallucis brevis
Central Layer 1
Flexor digitorum brevis
Central layer 2
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
Central Layer 3
Adductor hallucis
Lateral Layer 1
Abductor Digiti minimi
Flexes proximal phalanx
of great toe
Flexes lateral four digits
Assists FDL in flexing
lateral four toes
Flex proximal phalanges,
extend middle and distal
phalanges of the lateral 4
toes
Adducts 1st digit; assists in
transverse arch of foot
Abducts and flexes little
toe
MPN
Medial planter nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
MPN – 1; LPN – 3
LPN – Deep branch
Lateral plantar nerve
Lateral Layer 2
Lateral Layer 3
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Interosseous (Layer 4)
Plantar interossei – 3
Dorsal interossei – 4
Dorsal (Layer 5)
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
Carpals: Some lovers take
Bone
Scaphoid
Flexes proximal phalanx
of 5th digit; thereby
assisting with its flexion
PAD; flex MP joints
DAB; flex MP joints
Aids the extensor
digitorum longus in
extending the four medial
toes at the MP and IP
joints
Aids the extensor hallucis
longus in extending the
great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
Placement
First row of carpals
LPN – Superior branch
LPN
Deep fibular nerve
Description
positions that they cannot handle
Femur
Tibia
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Forefoot
Midfoot
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiforms
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Long neck
Shaft
Greater trochlear
Lesser trochlear
Fovea of head
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral epicondyle
Laterl condyle
Patellar surface
Tuberosity
Anterior surface
Articular surface
Ischial tuberosity
Trochanteric fossa
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Gleuteal tuberosity
Tibial condyles
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior border of tibia
Medial malleolus
Head of fibula
Neck of fibula
Lateral malleolus
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Navicular
Cuboid
Second (distal) ros of carpals
Hook tells us it is palmar
Lots of blood supply.
Can be used for grafting
5
14
Hindfoot
Talus
Landmark
Cuneforms
Talus
Calcaneous
Head
Neck
Trochlea
3 of them
No muscular or tendinous
attatchments
Borders (If any)
Carpal tunnel
Importance
Contents: Median nerve, four tendons of the
flexor digitorum superficialis muscles, four
tendons of the digitorum profundus muscle,
tendons of the flexor policis longus muscle
Palmar aponeurosis
Fibrous digital sheath
Metacarpophalangeal joint
PIP joint
DIP joint
Thickened band. Weaker over the eminences.
Thick in the center. Forms osseo teunnels
Allows movement
Palmar fascia
Sinnovial sheath
Palmar aponeurosis
Thenar space
Midpalmar space
Central compartment
Medial fibrous septum
Superficial Palmar Arch
Deep palmar arch
Iliotibial tract
Deep to flexor tendons and 1st lumbrical muscle
Deep to flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles
Continous with the foreaarm
Thickening of deep fascia of thigh between the
illium and tibia.
Effects the stability of knee joint. Use this
when you force yourself to straighten your leg.
Base – inguinal ligament
Lateral border - Sartorius
Contents: Femoral nerve (4 inches), artery, vein
and canal (bigger in women) and cloquets
Rider’s bones
Femoral triangle
Medial – Adducotr longus
Roof – skin, superficial fascia
Saphonous opening
Mid-inguinal point
Adductor canal/hunters/subsartorial
Compartments of Femoral sheath
Roof and medial border– sartorius
Lateral border– vastus medialis
Floor border – adductor longus and magnus
Lateral
Intermediate
Medial – also called the femoral canal
Greater sciatic foramen
Lesser sciatic foramen
Gluteal bursae
Muscular tripod
Pes Anserinus
Gluteal aponeurosis
Os trigonum
Popliteal fossa
Membraneous sac lined by a synovial
membrane containing a capillary layer of fluid
located in areas subject to friction
Sartorius – Lateral rotator
Gracilis – adductor
ST – Medial rotator
Upper medial surface of tibia
Thickening of the fascial lata that spans from
the iliac crest to the superior border of the
gluteus maximus muscle
Secondary ossification center
Semitendous, semimembranousus – supra
medial border?
Biceps femoris – Supra lateral border
Medial head os gastrocnemius – infer-medial
border
Lateral head of gastrocnemius – infer-lateral
border
Roof: thick Superficial fascia (a vein and 3
cutaneous nerves), skin
lymph nodes (important because it drains
glands clitorus/penis)
Where the femoral artery begins
Contents: femoral artery (6 inches) and vein,
saphonous nerve, nerve to vastus medialis,
descending genucular artery
Contains femoral artery
Contains femoral vein
Contains lymphatics. Proximal opening is
called femoral ring.
Superior gluteal vessels & nerve piriforms;
inferior gluteal vessel; sciatic nerve; nerves to
the quadratus femoris (PIN)
Obturator internus; PIN
All flex the knee
Contains: Popliteal artery, popliteal vein,
branches of the sciatic nerve - common
peroneal nerve and tibial nerve and shot
saphenous vein (division happens at the
junction of upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of the
fossa)
Disease
Scaphoid fracture
Body part involved
What’s wrong
Symptoms
Go ventrally and interferes
with everything
Lunate displace
Notes
Most commonly fractured
Most commonly displaced
Claw hand
Hand infection
Swelling usually appear on
the dorsum of hand
Dupuytren contracture
Shorterning, thickening and
fibrosis of palmar fascia
Permanent contracture of
metacarpophalangeal
proximal interphalangeal
joints of 4th and 5th finger.
Tenosynovitis
tendon and synovial sheath
Inflammation
Reynaud’s syndrome
Fingers
Ischemia
Fractures of neck of femur
Fascial spaces determine
the extent of spread of pus.
Untreated infection can
spread to foreaarm through
capal tunnel anterior to
pronator quadratus
Bilateral and common in
males over 50
Treatment: surgical
excision of fibrotic tissue.
Untreated infection can
spread to palmar space
Causes: Emotiona,
anatomical, cold
If fragment is not impacted
Considerable displacement
Distal fragment pulled
upward
Leg shorter
Lateral rotation of distal
fragment
Toes point laterally
Varicose veins
Deep fascia of thigh
Patellar reflex
Femoral nerve
Valves in veins are not
properly functioning. Blood
flows from deep to
superficial. Blood flows
from femoral to Saphenous
vein
Tap the knee
More common than in
women than men.
Femoral hernia
Gower’s syndrome
Rectus femoris, adductor,
hamstring muscles
Trenlenberg’s gait?
Gluteus maximus
Paralysis of gluteus
maximus
Person can’t stand up from
sitting; have to get up
gradually supporting
Trendelberg’s test
Trochanteric bursitis
Ischial bursitis
Sciatic hernia
Sciatic nerve block
Superior gluteal nerve
Movements of glueus
maximus over the greater
trochanter
Iscial bursa and the ischial
tuberosity
Nerve damaged
themselves
Unilaterally-lurching gait
Bilaterally – waddling gait
Diffuse pain in the lateral
thigh
Excessive friction
Behind the knee
Sciatic nerve
Pressing on the nerve
Reducible painless swelling
in the buttock
Sciatic nerve
Injection of an anesthetic
agent a few centimeters
inferior to the mipoint of the
line joining the PSIS and
the superior border of the
greater trochanter
Sciatic nerve injuries
Arteria comitans nervi
ichiadi (ACNI)
Piriformis syndrome
Hamstring strains
hamstrings
Popliteal artery palpation
Popliteal fossa
Penetrating injuries;
posterior dislocation of the
hip;
paralysis of hamstrings and
all the muscles of the leg
and foot; loss of all
movements and sensations
below the knee joint with
foot drop deformity.
Artery in the sciatic nerve
which bleeds quite sharply
when nerve is cut during
AK amputation
Compression of the nerve
by piriformis; excessive use
of the gluteal muscles
Contusion and tearing of
muscle fibers; hematoma
with tight fascia lata
Has to be done with semi-
Pain in the butt
Very painful
Running up hills, climbing
stairs
Calcification in chronic
burtitis
Can be distinguished from
the pernial hernia by the
way of direct of reduction
together with palpable
defect in the pelvic floor.
Barium enemia can be used
to distinguish.
Popliteal aneurysm
Baker’s cyst
Compound fracture of tibia
and fibula
Pott’s fracture (trimalleolar fracture)
flexed knee
s
Localized dilation of artery
Tibia and fibula
Leg splits in two
Lateral malleolus, medial
malleolus, posterior inferior
tibia
You can slip and have your
ankle invert
Fracture of tubersity of the
5th metatarsal
Injury to common peroneal
nerve
Foot drop/pes equina
Congenital Talipes Equinus
varus
Compartment syndrome
Slip with inverted foot
Common peroneal nerve
Deep peroneal nerve
“Club foot”
Depends on which
compartme
Hagland’s syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Anterior and lateral
compartment of leg will be
paralyzed
Tibial nerve and flexor
retinaculum
Hypertrophy of muscles and
so compression of the fossa
Combination of retrocalcaneal bursitis and
achilles tendonitis
compression
Tibial nerve injury
Pes calcaneus
Posterior tibial artery pulse
Fractures of calaneal
Caceneal bone
Fracture of talar neck
Dancer’s fracture
Fatigue fracture
Talar neck
Metatarsals
Metatarsals
Avulsion fracture
metatarsals
Phalanges fracture
Fall on heels/communuted
fracture
Severe dorsiflexion of ankle
Due to enpointe posture
Prolonged walking
Violently inverted by
fibularis brevis muscle
Sharp radiating pain into
the arch of the foot, heel
and sometimes toes. Pins
and needles
Walk on your heel
Disrupts the subtalar joint
“Jogger’s foot”. Diagnosed
by Tinnel’s test
Treatment: setting
Buddy taping
Sesamoid bone fracture
Crushing injury
Feet slightly dorsiflexed
located lateral the EHL
tendon
Invert the foot – relax the
retinaculum. Palpate
between medial maleolus
and calcaneal tendon
Normal – flexion of toes
Squished feet in heels
Proximal phalanx
dorsiflexed at MP joints;
middle phalanx is plantar
flexed at PIP joints; weak
lumbricals and interosseous
muscles
Hyper-extension at MP
joints flexion at DIP joints
Dorsalis pedis pulse
Posterior tibial pulse
Plantar reflex
Hallux Valugus
Hammer toe
Claw toe
Congenital Dislocation of
hip joint
Acquired dislocation of hip
joint
Hip joint
Damaged head of femur
Hip joint
Defect in the acetabulum
Heels
Treatment: series of POP
casts for about 6 weeks –
apply pressure on the
subtalar joints and
ligaments
Lateral rotation and no
adduction; hip and KNEE
pain.
Central
Hip joint
Fracture of neck of femur
Abnormal – babinksi sign
Bunion
Plantar flexed, inverted and
forefoot adducted
Club foot
Osteoarthritis
Diminished/absent pulse –
arterial occlusion
Head of femur
Anterior
Posterior
Foot drop, Flexed and
adducted; Medial rotation
and shortening
Fracture
Shortening, lateral rotation
Due to osteoporosis; option
is total hip replacement
Femoral artery
Superficial
Deep
Joint
Name
Ligaments
Circumflex iliac
Epigastric
External pudendal
External pudendal
Profunda femoris
Bones
connected
Movement
Coracoacromial
Flexion
Coracohumeral
Extension
Transverse
humeral
Abduction
Adduction
Shoulder
Medial
rotation
Lateral
rotation
Capsule
Elbow
Radial
collateral
Annular
Ulnar collateral
Annular
Flexion
Extension
Muscles
Bursa
involved
Pec major;
Ant. Deltoid
Lats; tere’s
major
Delts;
supraspinatous
Pec major;
Subacromial;
lats; tere’s
subscapular
major
Pecs major;
subscapularis’
Ant. Delts
Supra and
infra
spinatous;
tere’s minor
Brachialis;
Subcutaenous
biceps brachii
olecranon
Triceps
brachii
Radioulnar
Wrist
Palmar
Flexion
Flexor carpi
Cavity
names
Glenoid
Cavity and
glenoid
lambrum
Anastamosis
Diseases
Notes
radiocarpal
Radio collateral
Extension
Ulnar collateral
Abduction
Dorsal
ulnocarpal
Dorsal
radiocarpal
Intercarpal
Adduction
radialis and
ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis (L and
B) and ulnaris
Fl. Carpi
radialis; Ex.
Carpi radialis
LB
Fl. And Ex.
Carpi ulnaris
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