Download Unit 2 Ecology - the study of interactions among living and non

Unit 2 Ecology - the study of interactions
among living and non-living parts of the earth
Chapter 4 The Organization of Life
Section 4-1: Ecosystems
What kind of interactions take place
within an environment?
• All parts are connected
• Changes to the environment effect the
organisms living within it
• Changes in populations of organisms effects the
environment (wolves, coyote, deer, plants)
What is an ecosystem?
• All of the organisms
living in an area together
with their physical
environment
• Ecosystems do not have
clear boundaries but are
connected with each other
• Migration of life from one
to the next
• Erosion of soil from one to
the next
What are the components of an
ecosystem?
• Essential basic components – energy,
minerals, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and life
• Biotic factors – anything living or once living
(animals, insects, vegetation)
• Abiotic factors – non-living (soil, water, rocks,
air)
What are the levels of organization
within an ecosystem?
• From smallest to largest
• Organism – individual living thing
• Population – all members of a
species living in the same place at
the same time
• Community – a group of various
species that live in the same place
and interact with each other (made
of only biotic components)
• Habitat – the place an organism lives
• Ecosystem
Section 4-2: Evolution
Describe the process of evolution
within an ecosystem.
• Evolution – change over time in the genetic
characteristics of a population
• Natural selection – Charles Darwin –
survival and reproduction of organisms with
particular traits
• Survival of the fittest, individuals with genetic
traits that make them more likely to survive and
reproduce
• See Table 1 pg 104
• Adaptations – inherited trait that increases an
individual’s chance of survival and reproducing
• Coevolution – 2 species evolving in response to
long term interactions
Evolution and…
• Artificial Selection – selective
breeding of organisms by humans
for specific characteristics
• Wolves to dogs
• Veggies, crops, plants
• Resistance – ability of organism to
tolerate a particular chemical
designed to kill it
• Caused by humans
• Antibiotics and bacteria, pesticides
and insects
Vocabulary Activity
KEY TERMS
• Ecosystem
natural selection
• Species
evolution
• Community
adaptation
• Artificial selection
• Explain an ecosystem using 5 of the
words above:
Section 4-3: The Diversity of
Living Things
Reflection
• “When we try to pick out anything by itself,
we find it hitched to everything else in the
universe.”
John Muir – founder of the Sierra
Club, naturalist, writer
In a paragraph, complete the following.
• Explain what John Muir might have meant
with this statement.
• Explain to what extent are humans “hitched
to everything else.”
The Diversity of Living Things
• 6 different kingdoms
• Classified according to the way they get their food and
the type of cells
• How are you classified scientifically?
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•
•
•
•
•
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Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primates
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species –Sapiens
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
(pp. 108-109)
• List characteristics of each
• Describe why they are important
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
2 similar kingdoms
Microscopic, single-celled
Reproduce by cell splitting in half
No nuclei
Eubacteria: Aka = bacteria
Archaebacteria – extreme
environments like hot springs
• Environmental roles: break down
remains and wastes of organisms,
recycle nutrients through the earth
system, help with digesting food
Plasmodium that
Causes malaria.
E. Coli in
the intestines to help
with digestion
Fungi (p.109)
• List characteristics
• Describe why they are important
Fungi
• mushrooms
• Cells have nucleus and cell
wall
• Absorbs food from decaying
organisms in soil
• Environmental role: nature’s
decomposers of dead things,
used in cooking, can cause
disease
Protists (p. 110)
• List characteristics
• Describe why they are important
Protists
• Diverse group of one-celled organisms ie.
Amoeba, diatoms, kelp, algae
• Environmental role: algae, plant like protists that
makes it own food – provides the bases of most
aquatic food chains
Plants: Lower Plants,
Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
(pp. 110-111)
• List characteristics of each
• Describe why they are important
Plants
• Multi-celled with cell walls
• Produce food using sunlight
• Uses root system to gather minerals and
nutrients from the ground
• Uses leaves to capture energy from the sun
• Vascular tissue gives the plant support and
structure
• Types
• Lower plants – mosses and ferns, damp places
• Gymnosperms – evergreen trees with needle
like leaves and seeds inside cones
• Angiosperm – flowering plants that produce
seeds in a fruit
Animals: Invertebrates and
Vertebrates (pp. 112-113)
• List characteristics of each
• Describe why they are important
Animals
•
•
•
•
Comsumers – cannot make their own food
Cells without cell walls
Mobile
Types
• Invertebrates – no backbone
• Vertebrates – backbone