Download SOCY1000 Sociology: Global Perspective

SOCY1000 Sociology: Global Perspective. Professor Backman.
December 2006.
Final Exam. MODIFIED TO REFLECT CHANGE OF TEXTBOOK
Good luck!
As usual, the first three questions are the same. Be sure to answer all three.
1. According to the Thomas theorem,
a. people decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now
b. people decide what to do next on the basis of what is going on now
c. people use norms to help them decide what to do next
d. if someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return
e. society is characterized by a constant battle between groups of people, each of which is trying to
obtain the best possible results for itself
2. According to the Thomas theorem,
a. people decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now
b. people decide what to do next on the basis of what is going on now
c. people use norms to help them decide what to do next
d. if someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return
e. society is characterized by a constant battle between groups of people, each of which is trying to
obtain the best possible results for itself
3. According to the Thomas theorem,
a. people decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now
b. people decide what to do next on the basis of what is going on now
c. people use norms to help them decide what to do next
d. if someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return
e. society is characterized by a constant battle between groups of people, each of which is trying to
obtain the best possible results for itself
4. According to Backman (your 'umble professor), which of the following is the best definition of the
sociological term "norm"?
a. what most people do
b. widely shared feeling or belief about what is important to a society's identity or well-being
c. an expectation shared by members of a group which specifies behavior considered appropriate in a
given situation
d. a rule about what you should do that applies no matter what the situation
e. taking something that is hostile or neutral to you and making it more favorable to you, usually by
using it in some way
5. T F Sociology is the study of human social behavior.
6. T F Sociologists tend to agree that an actor can be anything he or she wants provided the actor works
hard.
7. T F A recent sociological study used surveys to investigate why the majority of Protestants today are
in "conservative" denominations (Baptists and Pentecostals, for example), whereas thirty years ago the
majority were in "mainstream" denominations (Methodists and Lutherans, for example). This is an
example of macrosociology.
8. T F According to Lazarsfeld (and other sociologists), common sense is an inadequate guide to truth.
9. T F Fear of negative sanctions is almost the only reason people follow norms.
10. T F The only thing that limits what can be part of any particular role expectation is the fact that all
role expectations in a society must be consistent with each other. That is, the behavior any role
expectation demands must not be in conflict with the behavior any other role expectation would require.
13. T F According to Perry’s model of the cognitive development of college students, the main
cognitive achievement of the college years is overcoming the tendency to engage in metathought.
15. T F Parents tend to try to raise their children to succeed in the parents' world.
16. T F The divorce rate in the United States reflects in part the high standards Americans have for a
marriage.
17. T F There are people starving in the world for the simple reason that there are more people on
the globe than there is enough food for.
19. T F Exogamy is essential for caste systems, but endogamy is typically allowed in class
systems.
20. T F According to Marx, class conflict been the primary driving force of human social history.
21. T F Compared to people in most other industrialized countries, people in the United States tend to
be less religious.
23. T F According to administrative science theorists, paperwork is necessary for effective
management of large organizations.
24. T F At the AdHoc-R-Us Company, when something a little unusual comes up, managers usually
contact the CEO (or his executive assistant) for a decision about what to do. At the LookItUpBozo
Company, when something unusual comes up, managers go to this huge Plans, Procedures, and
Exceptions Manual to look up what they are supposed to do. Sociologists would say that AdHoc-R-Us is
more formalized than LookItUpBozo.
25. T F In “Body Ritual Among the Nacirema,” Horace Miner illustrates the lack of magical thinking in
industrialized societies like the United States and the widespread use of magic-based thinking in less
developed societies.
26. T F According to the Demographer's Estimating Equation, the population now equals the population
at some earlier time plus the number of births between now and the earlier time minus the number of
deaths between now and the earlier time plus the number of in-migrants between now and the earlier time
minus the number of out-migrants between now and the earlier time.
27. T F Most industrialized countries have infant mortality rates that are lower than infant
mortality in the United States.
28. T F Currently the total fertility rate for the world is higher than replacement fertility.
29. T F Liza is 28, Betty is 45, and Elizabeth just turned 65. The one most likely to move during the
coming year is Liza.
30. T F Old adults are more likely to die than young adults.
35. T F Manufacturing cars is a latent function of the American automobile industry.
36.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The fundamental questions constantly facing every individual are
What is sociology? and Who cares?
Who am I? and What's going on here?
What's going on here? and What do I do next?
What's going on here? and Why is it going on?
What's going on here? and Who cares?
37. Norms that have become part of an individual's own beliefs about how he or she should behave are
said to have been
a. hyper-enforced
d. sanctified
b. hypo-enforced
e. congealed
c. internalized
38. Short-term status passage creates role strain for actors when
a. expectations of the new status are complex and difficult to perform without practice
b. the culturally defined demands of the new status conflict with the actor's personal preferences
c. the actor's definition of the situation is appropriate to where the actor was a minute ago, not the
situation the actor is in now
d. the culturally defined demands of the new status conflict with the culturally defined demands of some
other status
e. role segmentation is impossible
39. The collection of all the positions occupied by an individual is the individual’s
a. impression array
d. marker kit
b. role set
e. bracket set
c. status set
40. What method of role strain reduction is reflected in the following: I know my room is a mess, but I
have been studying so hard for exams for the last week that I haven't had a chance to clean a thing.
a. social hierarchy of obligations
b. power differences
c. tact
d. special considerations for people in status passage
e. protection of in-group members
41.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
"Cui bono" means
beware of unanticipated consequences of purposive action
all other things being equal
who benefits?
after the fact
Cher was a better singer than Sonny
42. The term “ethnocentrism" means
a. based on actual observation of the world
b. the belief that the best way to judge cultures is to compare them to your culture and that the
more a culture differs from yours, the more inferior that culture is
c. the belief that there is no one best culture and that cultures must be evaluated by what they do
for the individuals within them
d. the simultaneous presence of opposites
e. a relationship in which communication is deep and extensive, individuals relate to one another
as full persons, and feelings are more important than getting things done
46. Socialization is
a. face to face interaction with others involving conversation, especially conversation with an
expressive content
b. the process of members leaving a group
c. the process of teaching and learning the rules and ways of a group
d. the process of finding new members for a group
e. the gratification we feel in the course of conversation
47. According to social learning theory, which is NOT one of the factors that affect which behaviors will
be copied?
a. How often the behavior is observed
b. How much the behavior attracts attention
c. The functional value of the behavior (that is, what the results the behavior seems to have)
d. The attractiveness of the model (that is, the other person or people who are doing the behavior)
e. All of the above affect with behaviors will be copied
48. Which of the following is the best example of using the concept of recruitment to explain the
behavior of a group or of the members of a group?
a. The reason for the success of the Auburn football program under Coach Tuberville is that every
player is taught exactly what he is supposed to do (expectations are very clear), and players are
consistently rewarded or punished on the basis of the extent to which they meet their expectations.
b. It's easy to explain why Coach Tuberville's teams are so successful; anyone could win with the
talented players he gets to come to Auburn.
c. The reason that Microsoft has such a homogeneous corporate culture is that individuals who
don't fit in very well eventually leave the company, taking their disruptive influences with them.
d. The reason that Toyota's employees are so productive is that there are so many different things
going on at once in different parts of the company that the alert worker can find help with almost
any problem he or she faces.
e. Successful military training depends on knocking everyone down to the same low level, then
building pride in the person's new identity as a soldier.
49. The stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development when the child can be expected to
become competent in taking the role of the other is
a. concrete operational
d. sensorimotor
b. formal operational
e. disciplined relativistic
c. preoperational
50. The British Columbia study about the effects of the introduction of television to a community found
that after the introduction of TV,
a. children’s creativity increased
b. reading scores declined
c. participation in community activities increased
d. gender stereotyping decreased
e. all of the above
51. Mead’s term for an individual’s understanding of society’s norms and usual procedures is
a. egocentrism
d. the looking-glass self
b. the generalized other
e. the game
c. the significant other
55. Which type reacts to structural strain by accepting socially approved values but using illegitimate
means of achieving those means, according to Robert Merton?
a. conformists
b. innovators
c. rebels
d. retreatists
e. ritualists
56. America’s Second Harvest is
a. a program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that collects leftover food from growers, food
distributors, and grocery stores and distributes it to food banks in the United States for eventual
distribution to hungry people
b. a program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that collects leftover food from growers, food
distributors, and grocery stores and sends it to less-developed countries for distribution to hungry people
c. a nongovernmental organization that collects leftover food from growers, food distributors, and
grocery stores and distributes it to food banks in the United States for eventual distribution to hungry
people
d. a nongovernmental organization that collects leftover food from growers, food distributors, and
grocery stores and sends it to less-developed countries for distribution to hungry people
e. a program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that shows farmers how to grow organic crops and
otherwise lessen the dependency of American agriculture on chemical fertilizers and pesticides
60. In which of the following systems of stratification are a person’s chances of social mobility the
greatest?
a. slavery-based systems
d. estate systems
b. caste systems
e. all systems have equal chances of mobility
c. class systems
61.
a.
b.
c.
“Bad things happen disproportionately to people at the bottom of the social ladder” is
the creaming principle
d. the incorporation principle
the Matthew effect
e. the Plumber’s Law
the power principle
62. Which of the following industrialized countries has the largest gap between rich and poor?
a. Australia
d. Canada
b. Austria
e. the United States
c. Sweden
64. Which of the following sociologists had the greatest impact on the world?
a. Emile Durkheim
d. Herbert Spencer
b. W.E.B. DuBois
e. Max Weber
c. Karl Marx
67. "Thesis" in the Marx/Hegelian dialectic refers to
a. the ideal way to do things
b. the current way of doing things
c. a garden of opportunities
d. a way of doing things that emerges from the conflict of the current way of doing things and the
forces of opposition it generates
e. a way of doing things that emerges in opposition to the current dominant way of doing things
69. If we mean by "Bible belt" a region with high rates of religious participation, then the "Bible belt" in
the United States is really
a. the Northeast
d. everywhere but the Northeast
b. the South
e. everywhere but the west coast
c. the Midwest
70. A rise in worldly thinking happening at the same time as a decline in the influence of religion is called
a. globalization
d. theism
b. religious pluralism
e. secularization
c. new age religion
71. Which of the following is a technique that can help resist the problems of groupthink?
a. Keeping outsiders from talking to the group
b. Making sure that people who present ideas that do not conform to those of the group are punished
c. Having the leader not make his or her preferences known while the discussion is going on
d. None of the above help resist groupthink
e. All of the above help resist groupthink
72. Which of the following is not part of Weber's ideal type bureaucracy?
a. A fixed division of labor
b. A hierarchy of authority
c. Written records
d. Officials are hired on the basis of their social networks
e. Separation between the officials' private lives and the organization and its property
73. Settling for outcomes that are "good enough" without insisting on the best possible is
a. anomie
d. formalization
b. centralization
e. satisficing
c. decentralization
75. Patterns of relations within a large organization that are not those required by the organization’s
written rules are called
a. the formal structure
d. the survival instinct
b. the illegitimate structure
e. uncertainty
c. the informal structure
76. According to the conflict postulate,
a. humans do not have instincts and therefore must be taught how to function in the culture in which
they find themselves
b. the female ancestors of sociologists who believe in symbolic interactionism tend to wear boots
designed for warfare
c. a pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of a society to the extent that it benefits the society
d. a pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of the society to the extent that it benefits the powerful
people in the society
e. a pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of the society to the extent that it continues to
accomplish what the people who first invented the pattern intended it to accomplish
77. In sociological terms, meeting members' needs, obtaining new members, and training members
are examples of
a. social desirabilities
d. functional desirabilities
b. abstract necessities
e. functional prerequisites
c. concrete necessities
78. The sociological perspective that sees the most basic element in social life as the attempt of the
individual human actor to make sense of a situation and give it meaning is
a. the conflict perspective
d. the Platonic perspective
b. the consensus perspective
e. the Aristotelian perspective
c. symbolic interactionism
79. The Hobbesian problem of order is most important to which sociological perspective?
a. the conflict perspective
d. the Platonic perspective
b. the consensus/functionalist perspective
e. the Aristotelian perspective
c. symbolic interactionism
84. The person famous for discussing the problem that, if unchecked, populations can grow faster than
can the ability to feed people is
a. Durkheim
d. Carson
b. Deming
e. Spencer
c. Malthus
85. What are the two preferred measures for evaluating a country’s health care system?
a. crude death rate and life expectancy
b. crude death rate and infant mortality rate
c. life expectancy and rate of death from cancer
d. sex ratio and infant mortality rate
e. infant mortality rate and life expectancy
87. (NO CALCULATORS, PLEASE) Assume that in 2002 a county had a population of 10,000. If
between 2002 and 2003, 100 people died, 200 babies were born, 200 people moved out of the county, and
100 people moved into the county, what was the county's population in 2003?
a. 80
d. 9,920
b. 10,000
e. none of the above
c. 10,600
88.
a.
b.
c.
What are the most important demographic events?
age and sex
d. age and marital status
health and sex
e. death, migration, birth
marital status and education
89.
a.
b.
c.
In the United States more people die from ______ than from any other cause.
AIDS/HIV
d. stroke
cancer
e. tuberculosis
heart disease
90. The population of the world is now
a. over 6 billion
d. over 8 billion
b. nearly 5 billion
e. 3 billion
c. 2 billion
91. The population of the US is now about
a. 300 million
d. 1.1 billion
b. 400 million
e. 1.3 billion
c. 500 million
93. The organismic metaphor compares
a. social life to the theater
b. the treatment of minorities in the United States to the treatment of colonies by colonizing countries
c. the division of labor in advanced industrial societies to a complex piece of music
d. society to a machine
e. society to a living organism
94. Which of the following is the objective part of the sociological definition of race? "A large number of
people who …"
a. have similar cultural features and a high rate of mutual interaction"
b. see themselves and are seen by others as a cultural unity"
c. have interbred over a long period of time, thus developing similar physical characteristics"
d. see themselves and are seen by others as a biological unity"
e. consider themselves as objects of collective discrimination"
95. What Supreme Court decision established the foundation for the civil rights struggles of the
1950s-1970s in the US?
a. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
b. Darwin v. Board of Education of the State of Kansas
c. Loving v. Virginia
d. Clay v. Liston
e. Franklin v. Parker
96. Which is NOT one of the conditions under which contact between members of a dominant and
minority group is likely to reduce prejudice against the minority group?
a. when the minority group members have lower status than that of the dominant group members
in the contact situation
b. when the contact involves cooperation toward the achievement of a shared goal
c. when the contact is personal
d. when the contact is socially approved
e. when the behavior of the minority violates the stereotypes
97.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which is NOT one of the typical features of minority groups?
members suffer various disadvantages at the hands of the dominant group
members feel a strong sense of oneness
it is usually difficult for people in the society to tell if someone is or is not a member
members have not usually chosen to be members of the group
the group tends to marry within the group
98. The Stonewall riots were a milestone for which social movement?
a. Prohibitionism
d. The GLBT movement
b. The environmental movement
e. The U.S. Civil Rights movement
c. The post-suffrage women’s movement
99. Which was the social movement Prof. Backman identified as providing inspiration and tactics for
many other recent social movements?
a. Prohibitionism
d. The GLBT movement
b. The environmental movement
e. The U.S. Civil Rights movement
c. The post-suffrage women’s movement
101. The key principle in the utilitarians’ approach to the question of how to set up a society and its
government is
a. everyone should be allowed to do the best they can for themselves and the government should not
interfere
b. "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs"
c. the smartest people should be given special education so that they can be put in charge of the
government
d. to avoid a war of all against all, people must give up many of their liberties to a strong government
e. "greatest good for the greatest number"
102. What idea did Prof. Backman present as an explanation of the origin of states?
a. States are necessary to make sure that needed collective goods that require coordinated work from
many people will be provided; states are granted the power to force at least some people to contribute
toward the collective good, even if everyone wants to be a free rider
b. States aren’t necessary, but people often establish a state in order to ensure the greatest good to the
greatest number. Once started, states don’t go away
c. A state is necessary to make sure that people with greatest need for the benefits of a collective good
are given greatest access to the good
d. A state is necessary to make sure that those people who contribute the most to a collective good are
given greatest access to the good
e. A state is necessary to clean up after a collective good has been overused
103. The idea that the best arrangement for society is for everyone to do the best they can for themselves
and for the government not to interfere, especially in economic affairs, is called
a. Laissez faire
d. psychoanalysis
b. stochastics
e. existentialism
c. greatest good for the greatest number
For the following questions, indicate which of the principles below related to stratification is
illustrated in the example given in the statement. Be sure to put your answer on the scantron
sheet.
a. the plumbers law
d. the Catch 22 principle
b. the fair and square principle
e. the creaming principle
c. the incorporation principle
107. Land that once had been occupied by American Indians is now the source of the wealth and
success of non-American Indian farmers and ranchers throughout the West and Midwest.
108. The large majority of people in the US who have “made money” did so on the basis of
inheriting or being given at least a modest amount initially – which they then used to make more.
109. The constitution of the Soviet Union granted citizens wonderful legal rights. Unfortunately for
people who got on the wrong side of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, the secret police ignored those
rights for Stalin’s enemies.
Associate the dates below with the appropriate fertility regime. BE SURE TO PUT YOUR ANSWER ON
THE COMPUTER ANSWER SHEET. Any regime may appear more than once.
a. baby boom
d. echo boom
b. birth dearth
e. none of the above
c. depression cohort
110. 1937
111. 1957
112. 1967
113. 1987
For the remaining questions, you are to choose the thematic duality most relevant to the assertion
given in the question. Choose from the dualities listed below. You can use any duality more than
once. Be sure to put your answer on the computer answer sheet.
a. individual vs. collective
d. free will vs. determinism
b. integration vs. differentiation
e. statics vs. dynamics
c. objective vs. subjective reality
114. What people think is true often is false.
115. A very important problem facing society is how to get individuals to engage in behaviors that
benefit society.
116. Weber's deep knowledge about the structure of the society of his day and about the structure of
society under the Roman Empire led him to develop ideas concerning the processes by which Europe had
changed in the 1500 years following the fall of Rome
117. Wars can be great unifiers. A country's conflicts between rich and poor or between city dwellers and
folks in the countryside may disappear as all groups work together as a nation to take on the opposing
country.
118. Great statues generate a sense of movement as well as of shape.
119. The job of an actor is to take the words in a script and give them movement and life.
120. In teaching, it does not matter so much what you say to students; what counts is what they think you
said.
121. Key to the sociological imagination is the ability to see the connections between private troubles and
public issues.