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IGCSE History 2014 March Units 1-3 Core Content
Question / Theme
Unit 1: Peace Treaties 19191923 Paper: 2012
Mark scheme
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the
question [0]
5 (a) What were the terms of
the Treaty of Versailles in
relation to territorial
changes?
(4)
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1]
e.g. ‘Germany lost land to other countries.’
5 (b) Why was it difficult to
make a peace settlement
which would please all the
Allies?
(6)
Level 2 Describes terms [2–4]
(One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail.)
e.g. ‘Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.’
‘Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent states.’
‘Danzig became a free city run by the League of Nations.’
‘West Prussia and Posen were given to Poland.’
‘Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium.’
Denmark gained North Schleswig after a plebiscite.’
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the
question [0]
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1]
e.g. ‘They all had different aims.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–4]
(One mark for each point.)
e.g. ‘Clemenceau wanted security for France.’
‘The French wanted to punish Germany severely.’
‘Lloyd George wanted to protect British interests.’
‘Wilson wanted to use his Fourteen Points.’
Level 3 Explains TWO/THREE reasons [5–6]
e.g. ‘The French wanted revenge on Germany for the destruction
the war had caused and therefore wanted Germany to pay huge
reparations. However, Lloyd George was unhappy about this; he
did not want to treat Germany too harshly as he wanted
Germany as a future trading partner.’
What I got / what I could add
IGCSE History 2014 March Units 1-3 Core Content
5 (c) ‘Most Germans were
horrified by the terms of the
Treaty.’ How justified was
this reaction? Explain your
answer.
(10)
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the
question [0]
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1]
e.g. ‘Their reaction was justified because the Treaty was too
harsh.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes justification/lack of
justification [2-3]
(One mark for each point.)
e.g. ‘Their reaction was justified because their armed forces were
reduced.’
‘Their reaction was justified because the reparations were very
high.’
‘Their reaction was justified because the war wasn’t Germany’s
fault.’
‘Their reaction was not justified because Germany treated Russia
worse.’
‘Their reaction was not justified because Germany had agreed to
the terms of the Armistice.’
‘Their reaction was not justified because Germany would have
imposed a harsh treaty if they
had won.’
Level 3 Explanation of justification OR lack of justification [4–6]
e.g. ‘The German reaction was justified because Germany was
forced to disarm to an extent that no other nation was. Their
army was reduced to just 100,000 men, a very small number for
a country of Germany’s size. The Germans felt this would leave
them vulnerable to attack.’
OR
e.g. ‘The German reaction was not justified because they had
treated Russia more harshly in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Under
the terms of this treaty Russia lost 32% of their agricultural land
and 54% of their industry, and was fined 300 million gold
roubles. The Germans had little cause for complaint given their
treatment of Russia.’
Level 4 Explanation of justification AND lack of justification (7-9]
Both sides of Level 3.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how justified’ [10]
IGCSE History 2014 March Units 1-3 Core Content
Unit 2: The League of
Nations Paper: 2011
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the
question [0]
6 (a) What steps did the
League of Nations take
against Japan following the
invasion of Manchuria?
(4)
Level 1 General answer [1]
e.g. ‘They did very little.’
6 (b) Why did the Depression
cause problems for the
League? (6)
Level 2 Describes steps [2–4]
(One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail.)
e.g. ‘They used moral condemnation.’
‘When China appealed to the League for help, it instructed
Japanese forces to withdraw.’
‘The League decided to set up a Commission of Inquiry under
Lord Lytton.’
‘The Commission was sent to the area to gather information and
report on what happened. It took nearly a year to do so.’
‘When the Report was published in late 1932, it condemned
Japan’s actions.’
‘The members of the League accepted Lytton’s conclusions and
again instructed the
Japanese to leave. The Japanese ignored the report and
instruction, and left the League.’
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the
question [0]
Level 1 General answer [1]
e.g. ‘Countries looked after themselves.’
Level 2 Identifies why [2–4]
(One mark for each identified point.)
e.g. ‘One of the League’s aims was to encourage economic trade
between countries.’
‘The Depression turned people to extreme political parties.’
‘Extremism increased militarism.’
‘Countries began to look after themselves.’
‘Countries were invaded for economic reasons.’
Level 3 Explains why [5–6]
e.g. ‘The World Depression had political consequences. Many
had lost their jobs and turned to extreme political parties that
promised solutions to the economic crisis. These extremist
parties, like the Nazis in Germany did not believe in democracy
and international cooperation. They cared for themselves and
ignored the authority of the League.’
‘Many extreme parties were nationalist and an aspect of
extreme nationalism was militarism.
Parties, like the Nazis, built up their armed forces and used
aggression against other nations.
This was against the aims of the League.’
‘Economic rivalry increased and replaced co-operation with
many countries being badly hit by loss of exports which in turn
lost imports. Some of these countries, such as Japan, turned to
expansion.’
‘The Depression had damaged world trade and the imposition of
economic sanctions would damage it further.’
IGCSE History 2014 March Units 1-3 Core Content
6 (c) ‘The League of Nations
was based on sound ideas.’
How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your
answer.
(10)
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the
question [0]
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1]
e.g. ‘The League was too idealistic.’
Level 2 Identifies ideas [2-3]
e.g. ‘It was introduced to keep the peace.’
‘It was set up to keep the peace settlement.’
‘The idea was to use collective security.’
‘The League was to encourage international trade.’
Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement [4–6]
e.g. ‘The creation of the League was an attempt to make sure
nations did not have to live through the horrors of world war
again. It encouraged governments to strive for world peace by
urging them to talk over their problems rather than going to war.
The League wanted countries to disarm so that they would not
be tempted to use military action to settle their differences.’
‘The League’s agencies were to raise peoples’ awareness on a
whole range of social issues.’
OR
‘The League was too idealistic to believe that all countries would
sit around a table to solve their problems. Not all countries were
members and some left when problems arose.
Countries were not willing to disarm as this would give away
their security.’
‘The League had no standing army and this was unrealistic in its
belief that moral and economic sanctions would work in all cases
or that countries would give military support.’
‘The League was trying to uphold the peace settlement even
when founder members thought some terms were too harsh and
were willing to make adjustments to the treaties or ignore parts.’
‘All members were to have equal voting rights. All decisions in
the Assembly and the Council had to be unanimous. This was fine
if members agreed with each other, but not when they
disagreed.’
Level 4 Explains agreement AND disagreement [7-9]
Both sides of Level 3.
Level 5 Explains with evaluative judgement of ‘how far’ [10]
Level 4 + evaluation.
IGCSE History 2014 March Units 1-3 Core Content
Unit 3: Causes of WW2
Paper: 2010
6 (a) What did Hitler achieve
by the Anschluss? (4)
(b) Why did Hitler want to
take over Czechoslovakia?
(6)
Level 1 General answer [1–2]
e.g. ‘A joining of Germany and Austria.’
‘A launch pad for future invasions.’
Level 2 Describes what he achieved [2–4]
(One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail.)
e.g. ‘Hitler had successfully broken the Treaty of Versailles which
stated that there should be no Anschluss between Germany and
Austria.’
‘By joining Germany and Austria, Hitler had helped his
development of a Greater Germany.’
‘Hitler had acquired his homeland because he was born in
Austria.’
‘Austria’s soldiers, weapons and its rich deposits of gold and iron
ore were added to Germany’s increasingly strong army and
industry.’
‘The Anschluss showed that the Allies were not willing to go to
war over a treaty which seemed suspect and flawed. This
encouraged Hitler.’
Level 1 General answer [1]
e.g. ‘To gain land.’
‘To take its minerals.’
Level 2 Identifies why [2–4]
(One mark for each)
e.g. ‘To gain living-space.’
‘To unite German-speaking people.’
‘To break the 1919 Peace Settlement.’
‘To gain coal, iron and weapons.’
‘To end democracy.’
‘To gain a strategically important country.’
‘He hated the Czechs because they were Slavs.’
Level 3 Explains why [5–6]
(Award one mark for an explanation, additional mark for full
explanation.)
e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s foreign policy aims was to create
‘lebensraum’ to the east and this would be the start of this idea.’
‘Part of Czechoslovakia was the Sudetenland where 3,500,000
German-speaking people lived. One of Hitler’s aims was to unite
German-speaking people.’
‘Czechoslovakia had considerable coal reserves in Bohemia,
Moravia and Slovakia, iron ore deposits in Slovakia and weapons
factories in Bohemia and Moravia including the famous Skoda
works. This would be useful for Hitler’s war machine.’
‘Czechoslovakia was strategically important as it would give a
great advantage for German military and economic dominance
of central Europe.’
‘A free and hostile Czechoslovakia would make it impossible for
Germany to fight in the West, as Hitler would then face a war on
two fronts which he wanted to avoid.’
IGCSE History 2014 March Units 1-3 Core Content
(c) ‘The policy of
appeasement was a
mistake.’ How far do you
agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
(10)
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1]
e.g. ‘It was a risky policy.’
Level 2 Identifies reasons [2–3]
e.g. ‘It allowed Germany to get strong.’
‘It allowed Hitler to be aggressive.’
‘It trusted Hitler.’
‘It gave time to Britain.’
‘It alarmed the USSR.’
‘The Treaty was unjust and should be redressed.’
‘It delayed war.’
Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement [4–6]
e.g. ‘Appeasement was about giving in to a bully. The appeasers
assumed that if they made concessions to Hitler it would reduce
the chance of war. In fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more.’
‘The appeasers assumed Hitler was a rational politician. They
completely misjudged his ruthlessness both to break agreements
and use force.’
‘The appeasers missed vital opportunities to stop Hitler, in
particular over the Rhineland and, by delaying, allowed Hitler
time to build up his military strength.’
‘In 1938, by abandoning Czechoslovakia, Britain lost a potentially
important ally against Hitler.’
‘It alarmed the USSR as Hitler made no secret of his plans to
expand eastwards. It sent the message to the Soviet Union that
Britain and France would not stand in his way.’
OR
‘The Treaty of Versailles was harsh on Germany and it seemed
common sense to try to settle Germany’s grievances by
negotiation.’
‘Britain was not ready to fight Germany and it gave time for
Britain to rearm.’
‘It was not at all certain that the Empire would support another
war. The delay ensured that the support would be there.’
‘Both British and French leaders wanted to avoid the horrors of
another war and made every effort through appeasement to do
so.’
Level 4 Explains agreement AND disagreement [7-9]
Both sides of Level 3
Level 5 Explains with evaluative judgement of ‘how far’ [10]