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Anatomy: Physiology: Study of the structure of Study of the body’s function body parts • Gross- large body structures • Cardiovascular • Regional- all parts in • Renal a specific region • Reproductive • Developmental- structural • Neurophysiology changes over a life time • Embryology- developmental changes that occur before birth Complementarity of structure and function • • • • • • • • Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism carbon atom DNA molecule organelle cell tissue organism organ system organ • Metabolism • Responsiveness • Movement • Growth • Differentiation • Reproduction The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. • Anabolism- build up of complex molecules • Catabolism- break down of complex molecules Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly • Temperature • pH • Salinity • Fluid levels Relatively stable internal environment Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback 1.Receptor 2.Control center 3.Effector Negative Feedback Body Temperature Regulation Negative Feedback Blood Sugar Levels Positive Feedback 1 Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall. Positive feedback cycle is initiated. 3 Released chemicals attract more platelets. 2 Platelets Positive feedback loop adhere to site and release chemicals. Feedback cycle ends when plug is formed. 4 Platelet plug forms. Positive Feedback Oxytocin Moderate imbalance: • Disease • Disorder Severe imbalance: • Death Hair Skin Nails (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Figure 1.3a Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Figure 1.3b Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. Figure 1.3c Brain Spinal cord Nerves (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Figure 1.3d Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Figure 1.3e Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Figure 1.3f Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Figure 1.3g Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Figure 1.3h Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Figure 1.3i Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Figure 1.3j Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Testis Scrotum Ductus deferens Uterus Vagina Uterine tube (l) Female Reproductive System (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Figure 1.3k-l Superior Medial & Lateral Frontal plane oblique Distal Transverse plane Proximal Posterior Inferior Midsagittal Anterior plane • • • Organs surrounded by double layer membrane called serosa or serous membrane Composed mostly of simple squamous epithelia and a little connective tissue Filled with serous fluid- function reduce friction Parietal (outer) vs Visceral (inner)-- both secrete serous fluid • heart: parietal pericardiumvisceral pericardium • lungs: parietal pleuravisceral pleura • abdominopelvic: parietal peritoneumvisceral peritoneum Diseases: • pleurisyinflammation of pleura • peritonitisinflammation of peritonea • pericarditis inflammation of pericardia inflammation - less serous fluid Mucous Serous: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum Parietal pericardium Serous fluid Visceral pericardium Cutaneous Synovial • • • • • • • • • Hypogastric- large intestine, sm intestine, bladder Umbilical- sm and lg intestine Epigastric- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas Right hypochondriac- liver Left hypochondriac- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas Right lumbar- large and small intestine Left lumbar- large and small intestine Right iliac- large intestine, cecum Left iliac- large intestine Ancient Greece Hippocrates (460 – 370? B.C.) • Greek physician • Diseases have natural causes • Rejected view that disease caused by evil spirits • Believed that the brain was area of higher thought and emotion, not heart • Program for good health: rest, good nutrition, and exercise. • Started “Western Medicine” Hippocrates’ Four Humors • Blood: considered to be made by the liver. • Phlegm: associated with the lungs. • Yellow bile: associated with the gall bladder. • Black bile: associated with the spleen. Imbalances of the Humors Cause Disease • Sanguine: Disease, excess blood • Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm • Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile • Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile Roman Times Galen (130 - 200 A.D.) • Anatomy & Physiology • disease resulted from an internal imbalance of the four humors • Mistakes in understanding circulation • Research based on ape dissection • Textbook used for 1000 years Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D. • Sad time • Little new knowledge • Taboo against dissecting human cadavers continued • Avoided actual involvement • Authority prevails Renaissance da Vinci(1452-1515) • Anatomy & Physiology Renaissance Vesalius (1514-1564) • Anatomy & Physiology • Followed Galen’s writings, but later found he was wrong Vesalius dissects a female cadaver in his anatomy lab Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius A late thirteenth-century illustration of the venous system within the body. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a surgeon and a monk. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius Vesalius’ Images Vesalius’ Images The female pelvic anatomy. From Vesalius's De Corporis Humani Fabrica, 1543. Microscope William Harvey 1578 - 1657 Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated Arteries & Veins The Heart Veins Circulation Arteries, Veins & Capillaries Leeches and Maggots make a comeback A prescription leech at the Harborview Medical Center pharmacy. 1600’s Medicine: Leeches CT PET MRI Ultrasound Inquiry 1. Locate each region on your own body, and then identify it by its common name and the corresponding anatomical descriptive form. 2. What are the four types of planes that may be passed through the body? 3. Is the radius proximal to the humerus? 4. Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea? 5. Are the ribs superficial to the lungs? 6. Is the urinary bladder medial to the ascending colon? 7. Is the sternum lateral to the descending colon? Inquiry 1. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback. 2. What is homeostasis? 3. What organs would you find in the left iliac region? 4. Galen’s textbook was based on research of ______ not humans. 5. What did Velsalius discover? 6. Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Galileo invented the____. 7. List 4 modern “non-evasive” technologies that allow us to look in the body. 8. What are leeches and maggots used for? 9. The pericardium, pleura and peritoneum refer to ________.
