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Chapter 3: The Biosphere Section 3-2: Energy Flow A. What are producers? 1. Sunlight is main energy source for life on Earth. 2. Some organisms use energy stored in inorganic chemicals. 3. Organisms that capture energy from sunlight or inorganic chemicals are called autotrophs or producers. i. Examples: plants, algae, some bacteria 4. Energy captured from sun. i. Photosynthesis = autotrophs use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars/starches. 5. Life without light i. Chemosynthesis = using chemical energy to produce carbs B. What are consumers? 1. Heterotrophs rely on other organisms for energy/food. Also called consumers. 2. Different types of heterotrophs/consumers: i. Herbivores = eat plants only ii. Carnivores = eat animals iii. Omnivores = eat plants and animals iv. Detritivores = (e.g. earthworms, crabs, etc…) feed on plant/animal remains v. Decomposers = (e.g. bacteria, fungi) break down organic matter C. How are organisms related through feeding? 1. Energy flows through ecosystem in one direction (from sun to autotrophs to consumers) 2. Food chains are series of steps in which energy transfers by eating 3. Food webs links all the food chain in an ecosystem together. 4. Each step in a food chain/web = trophic level. i. Producers make up first trophic level. ii. Consumers depend on the trophic level below it for energy D. What are Ecological Pyramids? 1. Ecological Pyramid = diagram that shows relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain/web. i. Three types of Ecological Pyramids: energy, biomass, numbers. 2. Energy pyramid shows that only part of energy from one trophic level is passed on to next level. i. Only 10% of energy within one trophic level is transferred to next level. 3. Biomass pyramid shows total amount of tissue in each trophic level. i. Biomass = amount of living tissue (grams of organic matter per area) 4. Pyramid of numbers shows number of individuals in each trophic level i. Not always pyramid shape. One tree can support many insects. Chapter 3: __________________________________ Section 3-2: _________________________________ A. ___________________________________ 1. Sunlight is main energy source for life on Earth. 2. Some organisms use energy stored in _________________________. 3. Organisms that capture energy from sunlight or inorganic chemicals are called ____________________ or ______________________. i. Examples: plants, algae, some bacteria 4. Energy captured from sun. i. Photosynthesis = autotrophs use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars/starches. 5. Life without light i. Chemosynthesis = using chemical energy to produce carbs B. ___________________________________________________ 1. ____________________________ rely on other organisms for energy/food. Also called consumers. 2. Different types of heterotrophs/consumers: i. Herbivores = eat plants only ii. Carnivores = eat animals iii. ________________________ = eat plants and animals iv. ________________________ = (e.g. earthworms, crabs, etc…) feed on plant/animal remains v. ________________________ = (e.g. bacteria, fungi) break down organic matter C. ____________________________________________________ 1. Energy flows through ecosystem in one direction (from sun to autotrophs to consumers) 2. Food chains are series of steps in which energy transfers by eating 3. Food webs links all the food chain in an ecosystem together. 4. Each step in a food chain/web = ____________________. i. Producers make up first trophic level. ii. Consumers depend on the trophic level below it for energy D. __________________________________________________ 1. Ecological Pyramid = diagram that shows relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain/web. i. Three types of Ecological Pyramids: energy, biomass, numbers. 2. Energy pyramid shows that only part of energy from one trophic level is passed on to next level. i. Only ________ of energy within one trophic level is transferred to next level. 3. Biomass pyramid shows total amount of tissue in each trophic level. i. _______________________ = amount of living tissue (grams of organic matter per area) 4. Pyramid of numbers shows number of individuals in each trophic level i. Not always pyramid shape. One tree can support many insects.
