Download Stanhope: Public Health Nursing, 7 th Edition

Stanhope: Public Health Nursing, 7th Edition
Test Bank
Chapter 2: History of Public Health and Public and Community Health
Nursing
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the past, community-oriented nurses have been called:
District nurses
Almshouse nurses
Soldier nurses
Sisters
ANS: 1
In the past, community-oriented nurses have been called public health nurses, district
nurses, visiting nurses, school nurses, occupational health nurses, and home health
nurses.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 23
OBJ: 1
2. Nurses have worked in the community to improve the health care status of
individuals, families, populations, and vulnerable groups. Part of the appeal of this
type of nursing is:
1. Working with wealthy contributors who provide the funds
2. Locating the source of disease and curing patients
3. The autonomy of practice and independence in problem solving and decision
making
4. Caring for soldiers on the battlefield
ANS: 3
Community health nurses have a long history of autonomous practice, problem
solving, and decision making. The other three answers relate to acute care nursing or
gathering funding. Community health care nurses did engage in these activities in the
nineteenth century, but overall, they have been best known for autonomy of practice.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 23
OBJ: 1
3. Threats to health from communicable diseases, the environment, chronic illness,
and the aging process have changed over time. The newer threats to health in the
United States that community health nurses are currently faced with include:
1. Diphtheria, cholera, and typhoid fever
2. HIV, AIDS, and bioterrorism
3. Avian flu, tuberculosis, and radiation
4. Polluted water and air
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
2-2
ANS: 2
The newer threats to health that public health nurses are involved in are HIV, AIDS,
and bioterrorism. Choice #1 lists threats of the past. Avian flu may be a threat, but
radiation and tuberculosis are ongoing. Polluted water and air are generally not seen in
the United States.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 23
OBJ: 2
4.
1.
2.
3.
Early colonial health efforts in the United States included:
Establishment of schools of nursing
Development of vaccines given to large numbers of people
Collection of vital statistics, improved sanitation, and control of communicable
diseases introduced through seaports
4. Development of public housing and almshouses
ANS: 3
The other choices are events that happened after the colonial period.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 24
OBJ: 2
5. Florence Nightingale’s contributions to public health included:
1. Caring for the sick, poor, and neglected in institutions and at home
2. Using a population-based approach that led to improvements in environmental
conditions
3. Writing the Elizabethan Poor Law to guarantee medical care for all
4. Founding of the district nursing association to provide health care to needy people
ANS: 2
During the Crimean War, Nightingale progressively improved the soldiers’ health by
adopting a population-based approach that used simple epidemiological measures and
greatly decreased mortality.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 26
OBJ: 4
6. During America’s Industrial Revolution, the number of jobs for women rapidly
increased. Nightingale’s successes became known across the United States, and the
first nursing schools opened. Which of the following occurred related to public
health nursing?
1. Community-oriented nursing began with organizations formed to meet urban
health care needs.
2. Nurses were instrumental in the construction of sewers and public water systems.
3. Nurses trained in hospitals worked long hours caring for patients with
communicable diseases in a humane way.
4. Nurses closed down almshouses and orphanages.
ANS: 1
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
2-3
The visiting nurse became the key to health care in urban areas. Although nurses were
involved in interventions to improve sanitation and nutrition, they were not
instrumental in their construction. Nurses worked in hospitals, but that was acute care.
Almshouses and orphanages were not closed down at this time.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 27
OBJ: 5
7. Lillian Wald was the first public health nurse in the United States. Which of the
following is her major contribution to public health nursing?
1. Founding the American Nurses Association
2. Establishment of the New York Training Hospital for Nurses
3. Establishment of the Public Health Service
4. Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement that later became the Visiting Nurse
Service of New York
ANS: 4
Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
OBJ: 4
REF: p. 28 (Box 2-1)
8. Lillian Wald invented the term public health nursing. Which of the following
classes might a person of her day attend?
1. Taking and recording blood pressures accurately
2. Safe and sanitary baby and child care
3. Environmental pollutants and their effects on lung disease
4. Time management: balancing factory work and the home
ANS: 2
Lillian Wald provided health care that included educating the community on health
care matters.
DIF: COG: Synthesis
OBJ: 4
REF: p. 28 (Box 2-1)
9. In 1909, Yssabella Waters published her survey Visiting Nurses in the United
States. This document highlighted the fact that:
1. Nurses were trained by Boards of Education.
2. Trained nurses adequately covered less densely populated areas.
3. Visiting nurses services were concentrated in the northeastern quadrant of the
nation.
4. Nurses were curing diseases such as tuberculosis and typhoid fever that greatly
enhanced their credibility.
ANS: 3
This report emphasized the fact that visiting nurse services were concentrated in the
northeast, which underscored the need for rural health.
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
2-4
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 29
OBJ: 6
10. The American Red Cross, through its Rural Nursing Service, improved living
conditions in villages and isolated farms. Which of the following is an example of
the resourcefulness of a nurse of this era?
1. Using hot bricks, salt, or sandbags to substitute for hot water bottles
2. Testing well water for pollutants
3. Teaching school and developing curricula for rural nursing programs
4. Providing post-surgical care
ANS: 1
In providing medical care, rural nurses were resourceful in finding alternatives when
they did not have medical products that were available in urban areas.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 29
OBJ: 6
11. Occupational health nursing began as industrial nursing. What was the purpose of
this type of nursing?
1. Inventing new machines to streamline production of medical goods
2. Investigating industrial injuries to improve work conditions
3. Working at industrial sites treating work related-injuries
4. Providing care for factory workers and their families
ANS: 4
Early occupational health nursing did not provide care for work-related injuries, but
instead focused on the care of employees and their families in the home.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 29
OBJ: 5
12. Lina Rogers became the first school nurse. Early school nursing focused on:
1. Investigating causes of absenteeism such as malnourishment and lack of shoes or
clothing
2. Teaching school as well as being a nurse
3. Starting the first school of public health
4. Providing medical treatment to enable children to return to school
ANS: 1
Early school nursing focused on investigating causes of absenteeism, not providing
medical treatment. That was the responsibility of physicians.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 30
OBJ: 5
13. The National Organization for Public Health Nursing was formed in 1912. Lillian
Wald was its first president. The mission was to improve the educational and
services standards of the public health nurse and promote public understanding.
Which of the following is a contribution of this organization?
1. Requiring that public health nurses have a baccalaureate degree in nursing
2. Standardization of public health nursing education
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
2-5
3. Development of nursing cooperatives
4. Opening of the Henry Street Settlement
ANS: 2
The National Organization for Public Health Nursing sought to standardize public
health nursing. The Henry Street Settlement was already in existence. The
baccalaureate degree in nursing was not developed yet.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 30
OBJ: 2
14. In the late 1800s, local health departments were formed in urban areas for what
purpose?
1. To target environmental hazards associated with crowded living conditions and
dirty streets and to regulate public baths, slaughterhouses, and pigsties
2. To facilitate interdisciplinary efforts and promote the “practical application of
nursing”
3. To provide immunizations to all citizens
4. To provide public health education for nurses who had finished basic “training
school” education
ANS: 1
Local health departments were formed to handle environmental issues in cities.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 30
OBJ: 5
15. The Frontier Nursing Service was established by Mary Breckinridge to emulate
systems of care used in the Highlands of Scotland. Her biggest contribution was:
1. Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement
2. Development of health programs geared toward improving the health care of the
rural and often inaccessible populations
3. Blazing a nursing trail through the Rockies, providing nursing care to miners and
their families
4. Teaching birth control measures to large numbers of women in the South
ANS: 2
Mary Breckenridge developed health programs geared toward improving the health
care of the rural and often inaccessible populations in the Appalachian regions of
southern Kentucky. Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 32
OBJ: 6
16. Which of the following is true about African American nurses in public health?
1. Segregation existed until the 1960s, which made certificate and graduate education
more difficult to obtain.
2. Cities were the major areas where they practiced.
3. They often belonged to the Frontier Nursing Service.
4. They were recruited heavily as military nurses.
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
2-6
ANS: 1
The other statements listed are false.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.
REF: p. 32
OBJ: 6
A nursing student during World War II would likely join which group?
The Public Health Service of New York City
The Marine Nurse Corps
The Frontier Nursing Service
The Cadet Nurse Corps
ANS: 4
The Bolton Act of 1943 established the Cadet Nurse Corps during World War II,
which increased enrollment in schools of nursing at undergraduate and graduate levels.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 35
OBJ: 6
18. Between 1900 and 1955, the leading causes of mortality were pneumonia,
tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis. By mid-century, nurses faced new challenges
as the leading causes of death became:
1. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease
2. Influenza
3. Tropical diseases from increased travel abroad
4. Diseases from overcrowded conditions in large cities
ANS: 1
Chronic illness care, long-term illness and disability, and disease prevention became
the new challenges for nurses.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 36
OBJ: 6
19. Ruth Freeman was a leading public health educator, administrator, consultant,
author, and leader of the National Health Organization of the twentieth century.
Which of the following characterize her philosophy of nursing?
1. Nursing should move from acute care to community-based care.
2. Nurse practitioners should control public health.
3. Nursing is about caring for people, and is also intellectually challenging and offers
many professional opportunities.
4. All nurses should seek graduate education to increase their credibility.
ANS: 3
Ruth Freeman felt that nursing was about caring for people and was also intellectually
challenging and offered many professional opportunities. She did not specifically
espouse the other statements.
DIF: COG: Application
OBJ: 7
REF: p. 39 (Box 2-3)
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
20.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2-7
The Elizabeth Poor Law of 1601 is similar to which of the following current laws?
Welfare
Food Stamps
Medicaid
Medicare
ANS: 3
The Poor Law guaranteed medical care for poor, blind, and “lame” individuals, similar
to Medicaid.
DIF: COG: Synthesis
REF: p. 38
OBJ: 1
21. An intervention by the United States federal government to protect the health of its
citizens was the establishment of the Marine Hospital Service, presently known as
the Public Health Service. Its purpose was to:
1. Set policy on quarantine legislation for immigrants
2. Establish hospital-based programs to care for the sick at home
3. Establish and promote environmental interventions such as adequate housing and
sanitation for urban cities
4. Provide health care for merchant seamen to protect seacoast ports and cities from
epidemics
ANS: 4
Providing health care to seamen was an early effort by the federal government to
improve public health. Its purpose was to secure its maritime trade and seacoast cities.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 24
OBJ: 3
22. Nurses who provided care to people in their homes and provided that care to
several people at a time were called:
1. Private duty nurses
2. Visiting nurses
3. Public health nurses
4. Community staff nurses
ANS: 2
Correct by definition
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 27
OBJ: 5
23. Neighborhood centers that provided health care and social welfare programs were
called:
1. Settlement houses
2. Nursing care centers
3. Nurse-managed clinics
4. Public health services
ANS: 1
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
2-8
Correct by definition. Nursing centers, nurse-managed clinics, and public health
services are not necessarily in neighborhoods.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 27
OBJ: 4
24. An accomplishment for which the Frontier Nursing Service was noted is:
1. Improvement of the care of sick and injured soldiers
2. Establishment of a fee-for-service program for workers at Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company
3. Reduction of infant and maternal mortality regardless of environmental conditions
4. Increasing funding for communicable disease treatment
ANS: 3
The Frontier Nursing Service nurses were trained in nursing public health and
midwifery and provided care to rural and inaccessible areas, which led to reduced
mortality.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
OBJ: 6
25.
1.
2.
3.
4.
REF: p. 32 (Box 2-2)
A major provision of the Social Security Act of 1935 was the establishment of:
The Frontier Nursing Service to provide nursing service to rural communities
State and local community health services and training of personnel
District nursing to provide home health care to sick people
Community-based settlement houses
ANS: 2
Title VI of the Social Security Act established state and local community health
services and training of personnel.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 35
OBJ: 7
26. Which of the following trends in health issues in the United States between 1900
and 1955 is accurate?
1. There was a rise in chronic disease such as heart disease and cancer.
2. There was a rise in communicable disease.
3. The crude mortality rate increased dramatically.
4. The life span after diagnosis remained the same.
ANS: 1
Leading causes of death in 1955 were heart disease and cancer, while in 1900 they
were pneumonia and tuberculosis. All other answers are false.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 36
OBJ: 5
27. A 66-year-old woman is retired and no longer has health insurance through her
place of employment. Which of the following programs would be appropriate for
her health insurance needs?
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Test Bank
1.
2.
3.
4.
2-9
Medicare
Medicaid
Social Security
Economic Opportunity Act
ANS: 1
The Social Security Act was amended to include health insurance benefits for the
elderly, which is addressed through Medicare.
DIF: COG: Synthesis
REF: p. 38
OBJ: 3
28. Which of the following programs provided funds for neighborhood health centers,
Head Start, and other community action programs?
1. Medicare
2. Medicaid
3. Social Security
4. Economic Opportunity Act
ANS: 4
Funding for neighborhood health centers, Head Start, and other community action
programs began in 1964 with the Economic Opportunity Act.
DIF: COG: Knowledge
REF: p. 38
OBJ: 3
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. The impact of World War I on public health nursing included which of the
following? Select all that apply:
1. Many communicable diseases were eradicated.
2. The depletion of the ranks of public health nurses to the war.
3. The feeling that the greatest patriotic duty was to stay at home.
4. Inadequate funding was the major obstacle to extending nursing services in the
community.
ANS: 2, 3, 4
Both World Wars I and II depleted the public health nurse population as nurses went
off to war. The feeling of patriotism extended to the idea that patriotic duty could also
be served on the home front.
DIF: COG: Application
REF: p. 31
OBJ: 6
Copyright © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.