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Works Cited
Battle of Poitiers. N.d. ABC-CLIO: World History. Web. 9 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com//
Display.aspx?storyid=1185737&entryid=617101&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This is an illustration of the Battle of Poitiers. This took place on September 19, 1356,
this was one of the battles in the Hundred Year’s War. The Hundred Year’s War was a
war fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453, it was fought for a number
of reasons. One was that England and France had always been long rivals. In the battle
of Poitiers, The english won, mostly because of the skilled long bowman.
The Book Of Kells. N.d. History Study Center. Web. 19 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.historystudycenter.com//.do?QueryName=multimedia&ResultsID=123D2A
2059F&SortType=relevance&fromPage=search&ItemNumber=5&QueryName=multime
dia>. This illustration shows the making of manuscript copies of important Christian
texts. This was done by Christian monks in the Middle Ages. Monks were some of the
only people in the society who could read and write in Latin so they did this job. The
production of these manuscripts required a lot of parchment. Parchment is animal hide, so
a large number of animals was needed to do this job.
Brewery Workers. N.d. History Study Center. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.historystudycenter.com//
displayMultimediaItem.do?QueryName=multimedia&ResultsID=123F6BD6208&SortTy
pe=relevance&fromPage=search&ItemNumber=25&QueryName=multimedia>. This
black and white illustration shows a brewery worker making beer. In the Middle Ages
beer was brewed in monasteries. A monastery was a place where Monks lived, they were
normally separated from society. Hops were also being used, hops were ingredients that
were put in the beer. When water was not safe to drink, people often drank beer instead.
In 1516 a law was made called the German Beer Purity Law, which said that only barley,
hops and pure water could be used in the brewing of beer. This law is still used by
German brewers.
Burying plague victims of Tournai. N.d. ABC-CLIO: World History. Web. 20 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com//
Display.aspx?storyid=1185731&entryid=1213894&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This image shows how people buried victims of the Black Death. The Black Death was a
bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 1300’s. It caused the economy to fall, the
population to decrease rapidly and a strong leader was not provided during this time.
People could not find a cure, some thought that the Black Death was God’s way of
punishing people for their sins. Others thought that it was the Jew’s fault, and persecuted
them. Some people went to magic and witchcraft and thought that that would cure them.
Double Cup. N.d. ARTstor. Web. 21 Oct. 2009. <http://library.artstor.org//.html?parent=true#>.
This golden cup were used to drink at toasts or on special occasions like betrothals,
pledges of loyalty, and farewells. They were also used on important days of the year, they
were Saints’ Day, Pentecost Monday, New Years Day, eight days after Easter, and Three
Kings’ Day. This double cup may have been used for Epiphany.
“Eleanor of Aquitaine.” Biography Resource Center. Gale Group, 2002. Web. 29 Oct. 2009.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com//>.
Frederick I Barbarossa. N.d. Bridgeman Art Librar. ABC-CLIO: World History. Web. 19 Oct.
2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com//
Display.aspx?storyid=1185712&entryid=1157229&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This bronze sculpture was made in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) around 1155 to 1171. It is
of Frederick I, known as Barbarossa. Barbarossa was a Holy Roman emperor who spent
decades in the 12th century battling in the third crusade. Frederick died before reaching
the Holy Lands, after his death, his troops mostly went home.
Half Armor for the Foot Tournament. N.d. ARTstor. Web. 21 Oct. 2009.
<http://library.artstor.org//iv2.html?parent=true#>. This is what a knight in the Middle
Ages would’ve dressed in. Knights were popular in the Middle Ages until gunpowder
was invented, and knights were not battling in wars anymore. They would also participate
in practice battles called jousting, which became very popular. People were allowed to
attend these jousts.
Hill, Joyce. Reenactment of Viking landing in Newfoundland. N.d. ABC-CLIO: World History.
Web. 16 Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com//
Display.aspx?storyid=1185700&entryid=799127&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This photograph shows what a viking invasion would have looked like in the middle
ages. The Vikings invaded Europe beginning in the eight century and continued until the
eleventh century. Sometimes these invasions were violent, sometimes they were not. The
Europeans were horrified and frustrated with the Vikings. They mostly raided France,
Ireland and England.
A medieval doctor’s herbal remedies. N.d. History Study Center. Web. 21 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.historystudycenter.com//.do?QueryName=multimedia&ResultsID=123DCD
7D4EC&SortType=relevance&fromPage=search&ItemNumber=12&QueryName=multi
media>. In this black and white image, a medieval doctor is giving his patient an herbal
remedy to a sickness. These potions contained many herbs. They normally lessened pain
but none could cure the Black Death that struck in the 1300’s killing many people.
Medieval marriage contract. N.d. ABC-CLIO: World History. Web. 2 Nov. 2009.
<http://www.ancienthistory.abcclio.com//.aspx?storyid=1185729&entryid=1216170&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>
. This is a medieval marriage contract that was probably used in 14th century France. It
shows people participating in a wedding ceremony and at the bottom is the contract.
Marriages between powerful families had the advantage of making alliances and peace
treaties. A landowner is less likely to attack a neighbor if a neighbor is a brother in-law or
son in-law. People also married to bring prestige to a family, this means that if you
married your daughter to a king, the family fortune would be expanded. Most noble sons
and daughters were engaged at the age of seven in the high Middle Ages because people
wanted their children to be powerful when they grew older.