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Inflection 1. The function of lexical items the lexical items found in the dictionary, or lexicon, of the grammar are used in sentences to convey the speaker’s intentions example: lexical items are assembled into sentences, according to the syntactic rules of English to convey different meanings Nouns: farmer, wolf, field Verbs: see Determiners: a(n), the Prepositions: in Adverbs: often The farmer often sees a wolf in the field. The wolf often sees a farmer in the field. in many languages, the dictionary form of lexical items may change according to the way they are used in sentences The farmer often sees a wolf in the field. Farmers often see wolves in the fields. The farmer saw a wolf in the field. farmer vs. farmers singular vs. plural see vs. sees vs. saw plural vs. rd sing, 3 p. past wolf vs. wolves sing. vs. pl. 2. The inflectional sub-module inflectional morphemes change lexical items depending on their use in sentences change the grammatical form of a word inflectional forms of words changes in lexical items depending on their use in sentences inflectional rules rules that account for these changes 1 3. The inflectional categories of English many languages have large inventories of inflectional morphemes Finnish, Russian, German maintain elaborate inflectional systems by contrast, over the centuries English has shed most of its inflections Inflectional morphemes of English GRAMMATICAL GRAMMATICAL FORM EXAMPLES CATEGORY Nouns ADJECTIVES VERBS number plural (more than one) vs. singular farmers cat vs. cats, farmer vs. case (role of noun in sentence) possessive vs. non-possessive student's vs. student comparison (degree) superlative ('most') vs. comparative ('more') vs. general highest vs. higher vs. high tense past vs. present (the reported action precedes the time of the linguistic event) number (characterization of the subject of the verb) 3rd person singular (he, she, it) (in present tense only) vs. other person participle present participle past participle picked vs. pick(s) picks vs. pick sees vs. see seeing seen 4. Some concluding terminology 2 paradigm of a lexical entry the full set of inflected forms of a given lexical item the paradigm of the noun hat: o o o o singular non-possessive: hat singular possessive: hat's plural non-possessive: hats plural possessive: hat the paradigm of the adjective hot: o general: hot o comparative: hotter o superlative: hottest the paradigm of the verb rot: o third person singular present tense: rots o other present tense: rot o past tense: rotted declension the paradigms of nominal forms (nouns, adjectives, pronouns) conjugations the paradigms of verbal forms 3